The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the MCOPE Scale for Iranian Student Athletes

Apathy in Dementia: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Apathy Evaluation Scale

Purpose The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Kujala into Danish (Kujala-DK) and investigate its psychometric properties in Danish patients with patellar instability. Materials and Methods Content validity was assessed through 22 think-aloud cognitive interviews involving 15 patellar instability patients, 5 with patellofemoral pain, and 2 healthcare professionals. Data from 100 patellar instability patients were analysed to assess construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and minimal detectable change. Structural validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Construct validity was evaluated via Spearman’s Rho. Internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability with ICC in 57 patients who completed the Kujala twice, 7 days apart. The methods followed established guidelines. Results Patients found Kujala-DK relevant, comprehensible, and comprehensive. Items 11 and 12 were rephrased. CFA supported a unidimensional factor structure, with loadings ranging from 0.25 to 0.86. High correlations with IKDC and VISA-P and moderate agreement with TAS were observed. Internal consistency (α = 0.87) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.94) were high. The minimum detectable change was 13.0 points. Conclusions The Kujala-DK demonstrate adequate construct validity and reliability and is recommended for clinical and research use in Danish-speaking patellar instability patients.

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe Exercise‐Specific Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐Exercise) is the first patient‐reported outcome measure to assess exercise‐related challenges in people with Parkinson's disease (pwPD). The aim was to translate and culturally adapt the PDQ‐Exercise into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties in pwPD, including structural and construct validity assessed through predefined hypotheses regarding expected relationships with related measures, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, measurement error, and floor/ceiling effects.MethodsThis cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric validation study involved translating, culturally adapting, and evaluating the psychometric properties of PDQ‐Exercise into Turkish. Seventy pwPD were recruited. Structural validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Construct validity was assessed through correlations with clinical, participation, and quality of life measures. Reliability was assessed through evaluations of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega) and test–retest reliability (ICC) with standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable difference (MDD), and Bland–Altman analysis.ResultsThe initial CFA model demonstrated poor fit to the data. Following theoretically and statistically justified modifications, including the addition of correlated residuals between selected items, model fit improved substantially. The final model showed good fit indices (CFI = 0.991, TLI = 0.981, SRMR = 0.051), although the RMSEA confidence interval indicated some uncertainty (RMSEA = 0.051, 90% CI: 0.00–0.145). Construct validity was supported by moderate correlations between PDQ‐Exercise and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (ρ = 0.545), Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (ρ = 0.514), and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐8 (ρ = 0.494). PDQ‐Exercise demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.783 and McDonald's omega = 0.788) and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.985, SEM = 2.6; and MDD = 7.2). The Turkish version of the PDQ‐Exercise exhibited a significant floor effect. 28.6% of participants scored the minimum score (0) on the total scale.ConclusionThe Turkish version of the PDQ‐Exercise demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties in a sample predominantly consisting of individuals with early‐stage PD.

Accurate assessment of any patient relies on the use of appropriate measurements which are culturally- and linguistically-applicable and valid. The following study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt and test the nomological validity, structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, sensitivity-to-change and feasibility of the Swahili version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Swa-PCS) among refugees who survived torture/war trauma living with chronic pain in Kenya. An observational study was conducted. Translation and cultural adaptation of the original PCS for the Swahili-speaking refugee population in Kenya, who survived torture or war trauma was undertaken. Following this process, a validation study was conducted on the newly-adapted instrument, to ascertain the psychometric properties (nomological validity, structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, sensitivity-to change, and ceiling and floor effects). Fifty participants were included in this study. Correlations between pain catastrophization and fear-avoidance behavior measures were significant (r = 0.538, p < 0.01). Ceiling effects were 42-48% with no floor effects. Standard errors of measurement values were between 0.938 and 3.38. Minimal-detectable-change values were between 2.17 and 7.82. Internal consistency was satisfactory to good, for the whole and subsections respectively (range α = 0.693-0.845). Magnification had the lowest α. Test-retest reliability was also satisfactory to good (range ICC = 0.672-0.878). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the Swa-PCS had three factors which explained the majority of the variance. Root mean square error of approximation and comparative fit index were calculated for goodness-of-fit assessment, and were 0.18 and 0.83, respectively. This study showed that the adapted Swa-PCS displayed overall satisfactory to good internal consistency, test-retest reliability and sensitivity-to-change. Furthermore, the Swa-PCS scores were related to fear-avoidance behavior scores as expected (nomological validity). Structural validation of the Swa-PCS requires further investigation. Further testing of the psychometric properties of the Swa-PCS is however warranted.

BackgroundAnxiety and depression are common in children and adolescents, which can be detected via self-report questionnaires in non-clinical settings like the school environment. Two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (i.e., RCADS-25 and RCADS-20) seem to be feasible for administering at schools. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 used as screening instruments for anxiety and depression in a general population of schoolchildren and adolescents.MethodsThe RCADS-25 was completed by 69,487 schoolchildren and adolescents aged 8 to 18. The RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 broad anxiety scales are equal (15 items), but there are two versions of the major depressive disorder (MDD) scale: the RCADS-25 MDD scale (10 items) and the RCADS-20 MDD scale (5 items). The three scales were assessed on structural validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and hypotheses for construct validity.ResultsThe RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03, SRMR = 0.03), internal consistency (alpha = 0.82), test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73), criterion validity (AUC = 0.79), and all four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The RCADS-25 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.70) and three out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed, but its structural validity was suspect (CFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.09, SRMR = 0.06). The RCADS-20 MDD scale demonstrated a sufficient structural validity (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.04) and internal consistency (alpha = 0.72). Two out of four hypotheses concerning construct validity were confirmed. The test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.60) was insufficient. Since both MDD scales showed shortcomings, the shortening of the RCADS-25 MDD scale was re-examined post hoc by principal component and reliability analyses. The result was an MDD scale with seven items.ConclusionsThe RCADS-25/RCADS-20 broad anxiety scale is valid and reliable for screening schoolchildren and adolescents, but the RCADS-25 and RCADS-20 MDD scales showed shortcomings. An MDD scale of seven items showed acceptable psychometric properties.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common chronic degenerative diseases of the nervous system. In PD, nonmotor symptoms are seen as frequently as motor symptoms. Fatigue can occur in all stages of PD and leads to significant disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Parkinson fatigue scale (PFS). Ninety-six patients with idiopathic PD were included in this study with a cross-sectional and test-retest design. Structural validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability of PFS were analyzed. For convergent validity, fatigue severity scale and modified fatigue impact scale were used. Internal consistency was determined by the Cronbach's α coefficient. For test-retest reliability, PFS was repeated after a 7-14-day period. Significant strong correlations were found between the PFS and the fatigue severity scale (rs=0.844) and the modified fatigue impact scale (rs=0.764), which indicate a high convergent validity. The Cronbach's α coefficient, which indicates the internal consistency of the scale, was calculated as 0.947. The test-retest reliability was found to be high (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.928). This study suggests that the Turkish version of PFS is valid and reliable. PFS is suitable for use by researchers and healthcare professionals to assess fatigue in Turkish-speaking patients with PD.

This study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the Occupational Future Time Perspective scale (OFTP-J) and assess its structural validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability among Japanese workers. The online survey was conducted with 2046 participants who met the eligibility criteria. The Japanese version of the OFTP scale was developed through translation and back-translation processes. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate the structural validity. Pearson's correlations were computed to assess construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to determine internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was examined using Cohen's weighted kappa coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients. The confirmatory factor analysis supported an 8-item model with three factors (i.e., focus on opportunities, perceived remaining time, and focus on limitations) for the Japanese version of the OFTP scale. The scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 0.92. Construct validity was supported by significant correlations between the OFTP scale and its subscales, possible antecedents (age, self-rated health, and job control), and possible outcomes (learning goal orientation, job crafting, and work engagement). Test-retest reliability was confirmed with moderate agreement. The OFTP-J was found to be reliable and valid. It can be used to measure OFTP among Japanese workers and facilitate comparative research with the original English version. The OFTP-J provides valuable insights into the learning motivation and work engagement of the aging workforce.

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a well-established measure of panic symptoms but few data exist on this instrument in non north-American samples. Our main goal was to assess the psychometric properties (internal consistency, test re-test reliability, inter-rater reliability, convergent and divergent validity) and the factor structure of the Spanish version. Ninety-four patients with a main diagnosis of panic disorder were assessed with the Spanish version of PDSS, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) the PDSS self-rating form and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI). The Spanish PDSS showed acceptable internal consistency (α = .74), excellent test-retest (total score and items 1-6: α > .58, p .90) and medium to large convergent validity (r = .68, 95% CI [.54, .79], p < .01; r = .80, 95% CI [.70, .87], p < .01; r = .48, 95% CI [.28, .67], p < .01; BAI, PAS and ASI-3 total scores respectively). Data on divergent validity (BDI-II total score: r = .52, 95% CI [.34, .67], p < .01) suggest some need for refinement of the PDSS. The confirmatory factor analysis suggested a two-factor modified model for the scale (nested χ2 = 14.01, df = 12, p < .001). The Spanish PDSS has similar psychometric properties as the previous versions and is a useful instrument to assess panic symptoms in clinical settings in Spanish-speaking populations.

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the pain self-efficacy questionnaire - Hebrew version

The Vulvar Pain Assessment Questionnaire: Factor Structure, Preliminary Norms, Internal Consistency, and Test-Retest Reliability

Objective: The purposes of this paper were to (a) develop a new short, theory-driven, version of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES-S) using content analysis; and (b) subsequently to measure the psychometric properties (construct validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and concurrent validity) of the PACES-S for adolescents. Methods: Six experts used a four-point Likert scale to assess the content validity of each of the 16 items of the physical activity enjoyment scale according to a provided definition of physical activity enjoyment. Based on the results, exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze survey data from a longitudinal study of 182 individuals (Measure 1 of Study 1: 15.75 ± 3.39 yrs; 56.6% boys, 43.4% girls), and confirmatory factor analysis (Measure 2 of Study 1: 15.69 ± 3.44 yrs; 56.3% boys, 43.7% girls) was used to analyze the survey data from a cross-sectional study of 3219 individuals (Study 2; 15.99 ± 3.10 yrs; 47.8% boys, 52.2% girls) to assess the construct validity of the new measure. To assess the reliability, test–retest reliability was assessed in Study 1 and internal consistency in Study 1 and 2. For the concurrent validity, correlations with self-reported and device-based physical activity behavior were assessed in both studies. Results: Four out of sixteen items were selected for PACES-S. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses identified and supported its factorial validity (χ2 = 53.62, df = 2, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.073; CFI = 0.99; RFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.96; IFI = 0.99). Results showed good test–retest reliability (r = 0.76) and internal consistency (a = 0.82 to 0.88). Regarding concurrent validity, the results showed positive correlations with a physical activity questionnaire (Study 1: r = 0.36), with a physical activity diary (Study 1: r = 0.44), and with accelerometer-recorded data (Study 1: r = 0.32; Study 2: r = 0.21). Conclusions: The results indicate that PACES-S is a reliable and valid instrument that may be particularly useful to measure physical activity enjoyment in large-scale studies. It shows comparable measurement properties as the long version of PACES.

Smartphone addiction among college students is a common problem of concern, especially in China, and is associated with numerous psychological challenges. Nevertheless, a valid instrument to measure smartphone addiction in Chinese college students remains underdeveloped. To provide a valid research instrument for assessing smartphone addiction among Chinese college students, this study conducted a cross-cultural investigation by evaluating the psychometric properties of the Chinese Version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) and its measurement invariance across gender among Chinese college students. The SABAS was translated into Chinese using the forward-backward method and the Chinese version of the SABAS (SABAS-CV) was completed by 644 Chinese college students. A random selection of 80 college students was made from the total sample, and they were assessed twice with a one-month interval. The reliability of the SABAS-CV was analyzed through internal consistency and test-retest reliability, while the validity was assessed via content validity, structural validity, and convergent validity. Additionally, this study tested the measurement invariance of the SABAS-CV across gender. The SABAS-CV demonstrated strong content validity, high internal consistency (α = 0.828 for sample 1, α = 0.856 for sample 2), and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.968, 95% CI: 0.952-0.977). Exploratory factor analysis revealed one component with eigenvalue (3.440) greater than 1, explaining 57.336% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit (χ2/df = 2.462, RMSEA = 0.054, SRMR = 0.029, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.956). The factor loadings of the 6 items ranged from 0.549 to 0.853, all exceeding 0.50, with the lower bounds of their confidence intervals also above 0.50. The SABAS-CV had a strong correlation with the Chinese version of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (r = 0.715) and the SAS-CSV (r = 0.826). Measurement invariance test across gender demonstrated that the SABAS-CV was measurement invariant for male and female college students. The SABAS-CV serves as a valid instrument for assessing smartphone addiction in Chinese college students, indicating that the SABAS has high applicability in the Chinese cultural context.

Background and aimThe postpartum depression literacy (PoDLi) of perinatal women is closely related to the occurrence, recognition, and treatment of postpartum depression, therefore valid instruments for evaluating the level of PoDLi are of great significance for both research and clinical practice. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the postpartum depression literacy scale (PoDLiS) into Chinese and to test its psychometric properties among Chinese perinatal women.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2022 in a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. 619 out of the 650 perinatal women that were approached via a convenience sampling method completed the Chinese version of the PoDLiS (C-PoDLiS). Content validity [the content validity index of items (I-CVI) and scale-level content validity index (S-CVI)] was evaluated by an expert panel. Psychometric properties, including item analysis, structure validity (exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis), convergent and discriminant validity, reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability), criterion validity (concurrent validity, predictive validity), and floor/ceiling effect were examined.ResultsThe final version of C-PoDLiS is a six-factor structure consisting of 27 items, which explained 61.00% of the total variance. Adequate content validity (I-CVI = 0.833–1.00, S-CVI = 0.920) was ensured by the expert panel. The modified confirmatory factor analysis model revealed that the 6-factor model fitted the data well (χ2/df = 1.532, root mean square error of approximation = 0.042, goodness of fit = 0.900, incremental fit index = 0.949, comparative fit index = 0.948, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.940). The total Cronbach’s α was 0.862, the total McDonald’s ω was 0.869, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.856. Results of convergent validity (average variance extracted = 0.486–0.722) and discriminant validity provided good or acceptable psychometric support. Significant correlations between scores of the C-PoDLiS and Mental health literacy scale (r = 0.155–0.581, p < 0.01) and Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help short form scale (r = 0.361–0.432, p < 0.01) supported good concurrent and predictive validity, respectively. No floor/ceiling effect was found.ConclusionThe C-PoDLiS was demonstrated to be a sound instrument with good reliability and validity for evaluating Chinese perinatal women’s PoDLi levels. Its use in the future can facilitate data aggregation and outcome comparisons across different studies on this topic.

System Physical Function (PROMIS-PF) measure based on rising popularity and the amount of research dedicated for its use in a variety of knee conditions. A basic summary of the properties of the different measures is displayed in table 1. Psychometric data pertaining to the floor and ceiling effects, validity, reliability, responsiveness, and minimum clinically important difference of each patient reported outcome is displayed in table 2. Floor and ceiling effects were considered to be absent if no participants scored the bottom or top score, respectively, and acceptable if <15% of the cohort scored the bottom or top score, respectively. Validity was measured by assessing content, face, and construct validity. Content validity was present if patients were involved in development. Face validity was present if expert reviewers made a similar assessment and considered the measured items adequate. Construct validity was considered adequate if expected correlations were found with existing measures that assess similar (convergent construct validity) and dissimilar (divergent construct validity) constructs. Internal consistency was considered adequate if Cronbach's alpha was at least 0.7 (1), and test-retest (intrarater) reliability was adequate if the intraclass correlation coefficient was at least 0.8 for groups and 0.9 for individuals. Responsiveness was determined with a measures ability to detect change over a period of time or intervention. Minimum clinically important difference is the amount of change of a patient-reported outcome that represents a meaningful change to the patient. Since 2011, there have been numerous studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the above studies. There has also been ample research assessing the utility and psychometric properties of the PROMIS-PF function. Extensive work has been performed to add available translations and culturally adapted versions of the above measures. Our review summarizes the available information about how these measures perform for different patient populations in different settings.

In old age, decline in mobility has a significant impact on performing activities of daily living, participating in society, and on quality of life. Mobility changes should be measured and monitored using measures with appropriate psychometric properties. The psychometrically sound de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) assesses a broad range of mobility related activities. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable, cross-culturally adapted Hungarian version of the DEMMI scale (HU-DEMMI) among institutionalized older people. Development of the HU-DEMMI was conducted using a cross-sectional study design with an overall of 170 participants. Validity was tested via construct (established by hypothesis testing) and structural validity (explored with structural equation modeling (SEM)). Reliability was assessed using three measurement properties: internal consistency (determined by Cronbach's alpha), test-retest reliability (by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)), and measurement error (standard error of measurement (SEM), minimally detectable change (MDC), limits of agreement (LoA)). Linguistic and cultural adaptation was realized successfully. As for construct validity, the HU-DEMMI showed a strong correlation with mobility related measures and a weak correlation with non-mobility measure. Significant differences in the DEMMI score were found across groups being at various levels of assistive device use. Internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha was 0.906; the dimensionality testing revealed no violation of unidimensionality. However, a three-dimensional structure uncovered a better fit. The inter- and intra-rater ICC of DEMMI scores were 0.981 and 0.989, respectively. The SEM for inter-rater reliability test was 2.924 and the MDC90 was 6.803 points on the 100-point DEMMI scale. The 95% LoA showed a mean inter-rater difference of 0.2115 (- 11.252; 11.675), while a mean intra-rater difference of -1.0577 (- 9.809; 7.694). Four data points (7.69%) were identified as outliers in both cases. Maintaining institutionalized older people's functional capacity and delaying its decline requires effective interventions. Valid and reliable determination of mobility levels is necessary to address mobility decline in a personalized way. The psychometrically robust HU-DEMMI scale developed in this study would provide this and allow for future comparisons of Hungarian research results with those of other countries and for contribution to international, multicenter research.