The prothrombotic state in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart failure: an association with endothelial dysfunction

Abstract

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is associated with a substantial prothrombotic state and an increased risk of thromboembolism, regardless of the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Although oral anticoagulation in HF with known AF is recommended, there is no conclusive evidence supporting clinical benefits of chronic anticoagulation in HF subjects without AF. Other factors enhancing prothrombotic state, often concomitant with HF, are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD). T2D as well as CAD are independently associated with a hypercoaguability due to multiple mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Dysfunction of endothelium was observed in patients with HF, however a little is known about its influence on prothrombotic state in a very high risk HF population. Purpose This study aimed to investigate whether the prothrombotic state in patients with T2D, CAD, and HF, depends on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or endothelial function. Methods We assessed 54 patients with stable chronic HF, CAD, and T2D. Based on the echocardiography examination 28 of them were those with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 26 of them were classified as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) according to current guidelines. Fibrin clot density reflected by clot permeability (Ks) and thrombin generation were evaluated. Endothelial function was determined in flow-mediated (FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation (NMD) tests of the brachial artery. Results Subjects in both groups were comparable in terms of cardiovascular risk factors except for lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 18.1%. HFrEF patients had lower Ks by 20.3%, along with higher endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) by 18.9% and maximum thrombin level (Peak) by 24.1% as compared with HFpEF. While there were no differences in FMD and NMD between subjects, we found negative correlations of NMD with ETP and Peak (r=-0.448, P=0.001; r=-0.304, P=0.034, respectively). Moreover, the proportion of NMD and FMD along with GFR and LVEF were also significantly associated with both thrombogram parameters (<0.01 for all). By the multivariate analysis of the whole population, NMD, LVEF, low-density lipoprotein and GFR were independent predictors of ETP (R2=0.530, P<0.001) while NMD, LVEF, and GFR predicted Peak levels (R2=0.327, P=0.002). Conclusion We showed for the first time that patients with ischemic etiology of HFrEF and T2D presented altered fibrin clot properties and enhanced thrombin generation compared to HFpEF subjects. It might be hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction induced by T2D could intensify hypercoagulability in patients with HF.Figurę 1