The Prohibition of Women's Veiling in the Region of Gora

This essay examines Sudanese Islamist debates about the position of women within an Islamic framework, oppositional groups' stances on the nature of a post-Islamist Sudan and women's role in the nation. The author critiques oppositional groups for a lack of vision for a post-Islamist gender egalitarian Sudan and feminism for its lack of clarity about the concept of women's emancipation. The author argues that all groups in Sudan have not extended a visionary approach to women, but have been limited to expressions about "women's rights." Using the concepts of "emancipation," "gender egalitarianism," "citizenship," "alienation," "belonging," and "subject," the author deconstructs segments of crucial political documents such as Islamic decrees, the new Sudanese Constitution (1998), the "Asmara Declaration" of the National Democratic Alliance, and various statements by political parties in exile. Using excerpts from women's narratives, the author attempts to illuminate Sudanese women's self-identification, belonging, and citizenship.

Tunisia has come a long way towards achieving gender equality and remains a prominent example to other Arab countries in this experience. Meanwhile, Tunisia still takes only modest positions in international rankings on various indexes measuring gender gap. This work examines, with the help of a comparative-historical method, the formation of the women's movement in Tunisia and the development of legislation on gender equality. Then, through statistical data the author outlines the extent of women's economic, social, and political participation, and, finally, referring to the "concept of representation" by Hanna F. Pitkin (1967), the author looks at the pre-election programs of political parties that won the 2019 parliamentary elections, in order to assess the perception of the problem of women's emancipation in Tunisian society on the whole. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite progressive legislative framework guaranteeing women's rights, the mass consciousness of Tunisians maintains a set of ideas and norms on gender inequality generated by Islamic tradition and fostering the discrepancy, first in the existing legislation and the objective reality, and secondly, between the rules of family law containing elements of Sharia, and the provisions of the Constitution, as well as the accepted international obligations.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the features of coverage on the pages of the press of Sub-Russian Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries family conflicts and the ways of their resolution proposed by the state and the public. The research methodology is based on such general scientific principles as historicism, objectivity, systematicity, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, classification and typology, comparison and abstraction, generalization and systematization) and special (historical-genetic, historical and comparative, analogy) methods. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic historical science, coverage of family conflicts by the press at that time is considered; the ways of their solution are focused on; the importance of mass media for the formation of the concept of a new family, free from patriarchal norms, in which separate cohabitation of spouses, premarital sexual relations and divorce is a common phenomenon, is demonstrated. Conclusions. Family conflicts were an everyday phenomenon of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as evidenced by numerous informative and analytical publications in the press of Sub-Russian Ukraine of that time. Most often, the causes of conflicts were of a romantic nature (jealousy, adultery), often they occurred when one of the spouses was intoxicated, in a state of affect and nervous excitement, and were accompanied by the use of household items (knives, axes) and firearms, chemical and poisonous substances (sulphuric and carbolic acids, arsenic). Physical violence by a man against a woman was a common phenomenon in the Russian Empire during the period of modernization. The reasons for this can be considered the patriarchal system of society; significant influence of the church, which condemned the separate residence of men and women; complexity of the divorce procedure; low level of literacy of people from the poor strata of society; availability of alcohol and weapons. A part of court cases, which were accompanied by the murder of one of the spouses, ended with an acquittal by the jurors. Local press commentators were often on the side of those acquitted by the court, which testifies to the fact that the progress towards achieving gender equality and the emancipation of women, albeit slowly, was taking place, and the patriarchal foundations of society were gradually being destroyed in the direction of democratization. Some saw in this the collapse of the family as a social institution. Probably, we should talk about the natural transformation of the family, which was a natural phenomenon in accordance with the changes in the economy and culture, one of the catalysts of which was the press.

Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries

The major objective of this paper is to identify the efficacy of Micro Finance in women empowerment and to explore the ramifications of awareness and socioeconomic alterations owing to Micro Finance program. Both quantitative and qualitative data from primary and secondary sources were used in the study. The instruments of primary data collection were questionnaire, observation, interview and focus group discussion. Pedestal on gender theories examining status and power differences related to gender empowerment, role of caste, ethnicity, culture and, to some extent, class status in shaping individuals and problems, this study deduced that gender empowerment is a transformation of gender relations from hierarchal to egalitarian plan rather than just women’s power position and this has been doable through Micro Finance which has proved to be the financial self sustainable paradigm. Microfinance program has supported to women’s income generating and livelihood activities and helped in poverty reduction owing to which rural women’s life style and way of living is altering. Gender empowerment through Micro Finance incorporates emancipation and empowerment of women without creating a misgiving of emasculation of men. Emancipation of women is procuring economic, social and political rights and equality meant for fostering a balance in gender relations as against the one-sided women empowerment approach.Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol. 9, No. 1, 2015 pp. 48-62

It is well known that in communist countries 15-20% of employees in state com­panies were not needed. This phenomenon was called “unemployment behind the gates” (Dövényi 1995, 115). Since many state-owned companies were not com­petitive, it comes as no surprise that since the introduction of the market economy, the percentage of gainfully employed has decreased considerably. In the late 1980s, several authors predicted that female employment rates would be affected to a larger degree by the transition process than those of men. This pessimistic forecast was based on the assumption that the communist systems had achieved gender equality, and that this equality would be destroyed by the introduction of a market economy. However, gender equality under socialism was more of a myth than a reality. While it is true that the percentages of gainfully employed women and men differed only slightly in communist countries, the gender-specific seg­mentation of employees among the work force was extremely pronounced and spatially varied. This fact was relatively unknown in the West, mainly because data and research results on social inequalities in communist countries were not published until the late 1980s or appeared only at a high level of spatial aggrega­tion which concealed the extent of inequalities. When the relevant data became accessible in the 1990s, it became clear that many scientists in western countries had been led to believe in an ideological construct.KeywordsLabour Force ParticipationEmployment RateSocialist CountryGainful EmploymentCommunist CountryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This study aims to analyze Raden Adjeng Kartini's thoughts as a Hero of Women's Emancipation with a focus on the relationship between education and nationalism. The aim of this research is to outline Kartini's views regarding education, gender equality and modernity as important elements in advancing women's emancipation in Indonesia. This research uses library research which involves research through previous research, journals, the web, historical documents and related literature discussing issues of gender, education and nationalism to support this analysis. Kartini's views on education emerged as the main foundation for achieving women's emancipation. He considered education to be the main key to raising the dignity of women, providing equal opportunities with men, and freeing them from the shackles of restrictive traditions. Apart from that, Kartini strongly criticized the practice of polygamy which she considered a form of gender injustice and hampered women's development. He views that gender equality must be sought in society, both in access to education and in obtaining equal social rights. The results of the analysis show that Kartini encouraged gender equality and tried to achieve a balance between Western modernity and Javanese traditional values. The implication of this understanding is the importance of integrating Kartini's values in education policies to support women's emancipation and build an inclusive society. In conclusion, Kartini's thoughts have strong relevance in the context of education and nationalism, and provide direction for efforts towards equality and social progress in Indonesia

Based mainly on Albanian primary sources, this article is a comparative analysis of the Ideological and Cultural Revolution in communist Albania in the mid 1960s. The article emphasizes the importance that the regime placed on the historical tradition of mass mobilizations accumulated in other communist countries before, primarily Mao’s Cultural Revolution in China in the mid 1960s, and the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. The article argues that the Cultural Revolution in communist Albania created new forms of legitimacy and strengthened the continuation of the policies that the communists had implemented since their coming to power. This differed from similar movements in the Soviet Union where the Cultural Revolution had a foundational aim, and also from the Chinese Cultural Revolution which resulted in a chaotic and disruptive movement. The article also argues that the regime had to resort to the revival of local traditions – carefully selected – and the people’s cultural production to forge forms of legitimacy that would allow the regime to mobilize a large part of the population around the Party’s political line. The carefully controlled mass movement targeted the country’s religions, transforming Albanian into the first official atheist state in Europe, the emancipation of women, and the increase of economic outputs through mass actions of volunteering work in specific economic projects. The movement nonetheless created spaces for personal affirmation, new cultural expressions, and often agency for the people involved. Finally, the article argues that the Cultural Revolution in Albania rather than emulating the Chinese and the Soviet experiences, responded to the ruling party’s necessity to further its political and economic aims, while also strengthening and deepening the control of the party over the society.

In Hungary, women's emancipation happened under paradoxical circumstances, at a time when the general trend of Hungarian political development was not toward increasing liberalism and democracy, and equality of individuals, but precisely the opposite: toward a growing ethnic and social fragmentation of Hungarian society. This paradoxical timing of women's emancipation then shaped the politics of emancipation as well as the profile of Hungarian women's movements in a highly ambiguous fashion. This paper looks at some of these ambiguities by putting them in the historical context of their appearance with special emphasis on the early, turn-of-the-century political debates on emancipation. It was in this early phase that the conjunction between ethnicity and gender emerged in public polemics. Second, the paper pursues the handling of the ethnic issue by women's organizations after the political emancipation of women in 1920. In Hungary political emancipation in 1920 happened concurrently with a reverse process of de-emancipation; the same year that women received the vote educational restrictions were imposed on women as well as on Hungary's Jewish population – men and women. The second critical chapter of women's emancipation which came after the Communist take-over in 1948/49, repeated a similar pattern; while the Communist Government of Mátyás Rákosi opened up unforeseen career opportunities for women, it also introduced a cruel limitation of education and employment opportunities for whole classes of people lumped together in what was, at the time, called ‘category “X”’. Individuals born into families of the former ‘ruling classes’ were lumped together in this clumsy and crude, but operative, social category which, for practical purposes, included all those not born into ‘working-class’, or ‘peasant’ families. The paper shows how this paradoxical concurrence of emancipation and de-emancipation shaped the politics of emancipation as well as the profile of Hungarian women's movements in a highly ambiguous fashion.

Leveraging Administrative Data for Policy and Programmatic Interventions on Gender Specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The present case study “Hungary - the new borders of the European Union” deals with the evolution of relationships between Hungary and its two neighbour¬ing countries, Romania and Serbia, after the fall of the communist regime. Hungary’s early EU accession created a novel situation. Once again, borders serve to separate Hungary from neighbouring non-EU countries, only temporarily in the case of Romania, but for a longer time in the case of Serbia. The purpose of the research is to highlight the old and new elements of the emerging forms of in¬tegration as well as the consequences of Hungary’s membership to the European Union over its neighbourhood policies for Romania and Serbia. The topic has been approached through a new research method. The research examines the development of relationships between Hungary and two neighbouring countries (Romania and Serbia-Montenegro) after the fall of the communist regime. Economic and social differences are exposed among the three countries both at the national level and in border regions. Special focus is given to the old and new elements of the emerging forms of integration, and the obvious consequences of EU membership of Hungary for its neighbour¬hood policies with Romania and Serbia-Montenegro.

Drama often captures the complexities of liberation struggles, particularly women's emancipation from patriarchal oppression. This paper examines the aftermath of women's emancipation, focusing on its societal impact as explored in Ben Binebai's Karena's Cross. The study investigates women's experiences of oppression, subjugation, and subsequent liberation within the framework of patriarchal Nigerian and African cultures. Employing qualitative methodologies rooted in literary and sociological analysis, it interprets Karena's Cross as a primary source and integrates historical perspectives to contextualisethe findings. The research reveals that challenging patriarchal norms empowers individuals and fosters communal progress by promoting education, equality, and social enlightenment. However, the path to emancipation is fraught with entrenched cultural practices, economic inequalities, and systemic injustices that perpetuate gender-based violence and discrimination. The study underscores that addressing these barriers requires individual resilience and systemic accountability, including challenging harmful traditions, bridging gender-based economic disparities, and prosecuting acts of discrimination. Moreover, the findings highlight that the success of any struggle against oppression extends beyond individual victories, benefiting society by encouraging a shift toward justice and equity. The paper concludes that women's emancipation can potentially dismantle oppressive structures, reshape cultural narratives, and catalyse societal development. However, these outcomes are contingent upon sustained advocacy and the active dismantling of patriarchal systems. By interrogating the transformative impact of women's liberation, this study contributes to the discourse on gender equality and the role of drama as a vehicle for social change in Africa.

The issue of gender equality and women's emancipation in the last decades has become an interesting topic of conversation among various groups, from academics, scholars, to the general public. Reality shows that women still get a lot of discriminatory treatment, subordination, and stereotyping, as well as gender injustice in society. Women do not get the same space as men in taking on public roles, especially in education. Where as in Islamic civilization there are many great female figures who have made major contributions in the fields of religion, economy, socio-culture, and education. Many people think that this happens due to an understanding of religious teachings and patriarchal culture in society. M. Quraish Shihab is a scholar and professor of Al-Qur'an interpretation who pays great attention to issues of gender equality and women's emancipation. Through research methods library research, this research article attempts to explore M. Quraish Shihab's thoughts on gender equality and women's emancipation in the interpretation of Al-Misbah and many other related scientific works. This paper concludes that Quraish Shihab provides a clear picture by interpreting the verses of the Qur'an about women and issues of gender equality based on the style of interpretation which has various interpretations that are relevant to the conditions of society to build a vision of gender equality within the framework of values. Islam to eradicate all forms of discrimination against women in various fields, especially in terms of Islamic education.

Known as the early 20th century Malay-Muslim scholar, Syed Syeikh Ahmad al-Hadi (1867-1934) has written several works concerning women’s issues; including Faridah Hanom, Hikayat Anak Dara Ghasan, Hikayat Puteri Nurul‘Ain, Kitab Alam Perempuan and many others. The present study attempts to examine his thought on the emancipation of women and gender equality, since not many Malay scholars focus on a similar issue during his time. This paper discusses on the development of his idea through magazines and novels since the 1920s, which later gave impact to the Malay society from cultural, social, political as well as religious aspects. This study also highlights several factors which might influenced his thought by discovering his educational background and analysing his different methods of arguments applied in his writings. By using qualitative approach, the study concludes that Syed Syeikh Ahmad al-Hadi has integrated both Islamic and modern perspectives in his writings, particularly concerning women’s issues such as on the emancipation of women and gender equality. Although some of his ideas seem controversial, it was among the earliest effort to propose a change to Malay traditions, where women were often given a limited role in society, for they only had major roles in domestic affairs.

The Current State of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the Radiology Workplace: A Survey