The Principal Functions of Institutions in Shaping the Civil Society and Southern African Rural Organisations

Abstract

The influence of political interests on resource discourse is well-documented, with ordinary citizens often portrayed as both victims and potential solutions if governments were more accountable. Institutions play crucial roles in shaping societal norms, behaviors and politico-economic interactions, yet the specific functions of different institutions and their impact on Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), especially Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), in rural contexts remain unclear. This paper explores how formal and informal institutions influence the activities, operational strategies and effectiveness of CSOs. Drawing upon recent developments in conservation, this understanding is particularly important in light of the evolving challenges faced by rural societies and the need for CBOs to navigate complex institutional landscapes to achieve their goals. Using the North, Wallis, and Weingast (NWW) theoretical framework, the paper distinguishes between 'limited access orders' and 'open access orders' to understand CBOs' operational contexts. In 'limited access orders', where power is concentrated among a few, formal institutions maintain the status quo, limiting CBO actions. The hypothesis posits that formal institutions, through regulatory frameworks, can either enable or constrain CBO activities, while informal institutions, through cultural norms, influence social acceptance, community support and resource mobilization for CBO initiatives. 'Open access orders' provide a conducive environment for mass opinions and collective actions led by CBOs on resource ownership. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies that enhance government accountability and support CBOs' roles in advocacy, biodiversity preservation, natural resource management, and rural development.