The PRIME Framework: A Design-Based, Pace-Sensitive RME Approach for Inclusive Mathematics in Indonesia

A multi-tiered system of supports provides a framework for high-quality implementation of evidence-based mental health practices by educators so that all students have access to a continuum of mental health supports based on need. The purpose of this study was to use survey data to examine 700 educators’ perceptions of professional development and preparedness to implement mental health interventions within a multi-tiered system of supports. Descriptive analyses provided information about educator preparedness and access to training, resources, and coaching to support implementation of evidence-based mental health practices across tiers of supports. Further analyses revealed that access to training, resources, and coaching predicted preparedness to provide and assess mental health supports. Educators’ perceptions of student access to school and community mental health supports were predicted by access to training, resources, and coaching, and support for evidence-based practices. Perceived preparedness to provide mental health supports predicted whether or not educators reported talking with students about social or emotional concerns. Implications of the findings for professional development practices and policies within multi-tiered system of school-based mental health supports are discussed.

This article explores the changing landscape of Assistive Technology (AT) in special education and introduces a paradigm of the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) for AT implementation—that aims to clarify the roles and expectations for educators and specialists providing AT services. AT tools are critical resources to support students with disabilities but there are implementation challenges (OSEP, 2024). While the types and variety of AT available continue to grow there is a lack of clarity of the implementation expectations for educators. Using the Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) as an implementation framework for AT implementation is a potential means of defining these roles. This article defines an AT-MTSS framework that clarifies AT implementation. Defining an AT-MTSS framework has implications for teacher preparation programs, K-12 systems, general educators, special educators, and AT specialists who may be able to better understand their roles and responsibilities. With many schools providing one-to-one devices for students there is a need for all educators to be able to provide a level of universal supports based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL). There will always remain a need for some specialized interventions for students with disabilities. Some of these common AT tools should be implemented and supported by nearly any special education teacher. Other more specialized AT tools will need the support of educators with highly specialized knowledge to determine which tool to use and to provide ongoing AT services. The AT-MTSS framework is designed to be inclusive of the recent DOE AT guidance (2024), and, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004), and the National Education Technology Plan (NETP, 2024).

The research is experiment which aims to discaver: (i) the influence of approach, learning, and interaction collaboratively on learning result, (ii) the difference of mathematics learning results of the student who were taught by employing Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) approach and problem posing approach, (iii) the difference of mathematics learning results of students who have very high and high motivation, (iv) the interaction influence of learning approach with motivation on mathematics learning result, (v) the difference of mathematics learning results of the students who were taught by employing RME approach with very high and high motivation, (vi) the difference of mathmatics learning results of the studentswho were taught by employing problem posing approach with very high and high motivation, (vii) the difference of mathematics learning results of the student who have very high motivation taught by employing RME approach and problem posing approach, and (viii) the difference of mathematics learning results of the student who have high motivation taught by employing RME approach and problem posing approach of class V student at SD in Bulukumba District. The populations of the research were all class V students at SD in Bulukumba District of Academic Year 2015/2016. From the populations, two classes were chosen by using cluster random sampling method as the sample. The instruments of the research after validated covered learning implementation observation, motivation questionnaire, test, and observation sheets. Then, it was analyzed by using descriptive analysis and ANAVA. The results of the research reveal that (i) there is inflence of approach, learning, and interaction collaboratively on the students’ learning results, (ii) there is no difference of mathematics learning results of the student who were taught by employing RME approach and problem posing approach, (iii) there is a difference of mathematics learning results of the students who have very high and high motivation, (iv) there is interaction influence of learning approach with motivation on mathematics learning result, (v) there is no difference of mathematics learning results of the students who have very high and high motivation taught by employing RME approach, (vi) there is a difference af mathematics learning results of the student who have very high and high motivation taught by employing problem posing approach, (vii) there is no difference of mathematics learning results of the student who have very high motivation and taught by using RME approach and problem posing approach, and (viii) there is no difference of mathematics learning results of the students who have high motivation and taught by using RME approach and problem posing approach

Camera, 208 Capitalism, scepticism of policies on education in future based on society with influx of, 42 Carnegie Learning, 251-252 Central government, 92 Challenges to inclusion, 84-85 Change of practice concept, 253 Character qualities of sets in twenty-first century, 25-33 communicative competencies, 28-31 digital competencies, 31-33 'grit' for inclusive and special education teachers, 27-28 high self-efficacy, 25-27 Children, rights and characteristics of, 4-5 Children with disabilities in rural areas in Telangana state, providing services to, 174-177 259 Children with special needs in VUCA world, preparation for education administrators to manage education for, 241-244 Chlorpyrifos, 64-65 City local government, 93-99 Civil rights, 39-40 Classic economic liberal theory, 41-42 Classrooms with assistive technology, improving efficiency of, 250-252 Climate change, 64-65 Collaboration, 180 Collaborative learning, 23-24 Communication, 180 channels, 29-30 disabilities, 211 Communicative competencies, 28-31 Community resource persons (CRPs), 175 Competency-based education, 23-24 Complexity, 80-81 Comprehensive teaching strategies, 236 Computer-assisted tools, 128 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945), 89-90 Constructive Alignment model, 21 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 159 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 158-159 Conversations, feedback and recognition (CFR), 225 Core educational subjects, 179 COVID-19, 18-19, 118-119, 123-124 crisis, 7-8 inclusive learning for students with special needs during, 108-110 learning experiences during, 114-116 learning experiences of KU

This article highlights three significant advances in schoolwide inclusive school reform and suggests three next steps to improve educational outcomes for all students, particularly for students for whom typical instruction is not effective. Significant advances are as follows: (a) a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) with embedded response to intervention, which includes positive behavioral interventions and supports; (b) universal design for learning; and (c) collaborative instruction involving general and specialized educators. Next steps are as follows: (a) implementing flexible, braided funding across educational programs; (b) fully integrating behavior and academic interventions pedagogy within MTSS; and (c) scaling up and sustaining innovative and evidence-based practices through implementation science.

How can education change to meet the demands of effectively educating an increasingly diverse student population with the skills, knowledge, and abilities they need to be productive and successful citizens in the 21st century? One possible solution is to create classrooms, teachers, and schools that embrace the progressive and inclusive practices espoused by Universal Design for Learning (UDL). In addition to being rooted in UDL pedagogy, classrooms designed to meet the challenge of 21st century education need to substantially integrate and utilize advances in technology. The vanguard of literature to date in UDL could be characterized as rhetorical advocacy. That is, UDL literature is in the early stages of introducing and promoting UDL pedagogy, but to date there is not a research base strong enough to establish UDL as a scientifically validated intervention (Edyburn, 2010). UDL might sound like a good idea, but until the research base turns the corner from advocating to assessing and measuring UDL outcomes, the promise of this approach will not be realized. This article describes a study exploring effects and outcomes of a professional development program on the perceptions and practice of UDL principles in K–12 public school inclusive classrooms, and could be one step toward bridging the gap from a good idea to a solidified best practice. Specifically, this study investigated a professional development program’s effect on teachers’ perceptions, conceptualizations, and implementation of UDL principles and practice in their classrooms.

This research aims to analyze the difference effectiveness of learning model Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and model learning problem based learning (PBL) to students' mathematical reasoning skills. The design of this research is quasi experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study is the students of grade VIII SMPN 1 Watubangga 2015/2016 year that studying about building a flat side space. The data of mathematical reasoning skills is obtained by using the instrument in the form of mathematical reasoning test. Data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis, F test with t test (paired-samples t test and independent-samples t test), at α = 0,05 . Based on the result of analysis of research data obtained that: 1). Student's mathematical reasoning skills before being taught with RME, PBL, and Direct learning models are in the less category after being given learning with the learning model RME, PBL and Direct students' mathematical reasoning skills are in sufficient category. Increased students' mathematical reasoning skills are in the medium category; 2). There is an improvement in students' mathematical reasoning skills after being taught with RME, PBL and Direct learning models; 3). The mathematical reasoning skills of students taught using the RME learning model were not significantly different from those taught by the PBL learning model; 4). There is a difference in the effectiveness of the learning model on improving students' mathematical reasoning skills, which is taught using a learning model RME more effective than students taught by direct learning model; 5). The students' mathematical reasoning skills are taught using the PBL learning model more effective than students taught by direct learning model; 6). Student activity during learning process using RME learning model and PBL learning models, indicating that students are very active.

PurposeThis paper examines instructional coaching as a means to support teachers at all levels in primary and secondary schools in implementing new and innovative practices using the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework as a design guide.Design/methodology/approachThis mixed-methods study compared the impact of an instructional coaching intervention around the implementation of the UDL framework on educators versus the UDL implementation efforts of educators who did not receive the coaching intervention. Coached participants shared their experiences with the coaching cycle. These qualitative data were collected through teacher interviews, self-assessments, and observations. The data assisted in the interpretation of the quantitative findings from a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test comparison group design.FindingsThe results of this study revealed positive outcomes for teachers in knowledge and application of UDL, although not at statistically significant levels. The qualitative data collected supported the positive gains and revealed that teachers valued and changed their practices from the use of coaching as they navigated the implementation of UDL in their learning environments.Research limitations/implicationsOne limitation to be noted includes the district site that participated in this study had used the UDL framework for several years and maintained high expectations for teachers to increase their UDL-aligned practices each year. Therefore, all teachers who participated in this study were under the same district evaluative expectations to participate in professional development at some level to increase proficiency with UDL implementation, whereas a district in the beginning stages of UDL implementation might serve as a better gauge of growth. Additionally, the control participants were self-identified and not randomly assigned.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first conducted that investigates the effect of instructional coaching on teachers' increased understanding and implementation of the UDL framework. This study examines instructional coaching as a stand-alone professional development in supporting teachers' use of UDL in design-inclusive classrooms. Written into US law, the UDL framework is a scientifically valid framework that supports teachers with the design of flexible and accessible classrooms for an increasingly diverse population of students.

In the era of globalization, critical thinking skills in mathematics are essential. However, mathematics is often perceived as difficult and monotonous, prompting the need for teachers to employ engaging approaches, such as Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). RME connects mathematical concepts with real-life situations to enhance students' understanding and critical thinking skills. This study aims to analyze effectiveness of RME in improving junior high school students' critical thinking skills through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using the PRISMA approach. Data were collected from articles published between 2015 and 2025 in the WoS and Scopus databases, with 26 articles identified. The results indicate a growing number of RME-related publications, peaking in 2023 (10 articles). The most common research method was quasi-experimental (54%), with geometry as the primary topic (6 studies). Implemented strategies included e-worksheets, RME-based teaching materials, RME learning media, and RME learning models. This study confirms the effectiveness of RME in enhancing students’ critical thinking skills.

Teachers have not provided Student Worksheets based on the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach. This has an impact on the low understanding of fifth-grade students. This study aims to develop worksheets based on the realistic mathematic education (RME) approach and analyze the development of worksheet validity based on practical mathematic education (RME) approach on multiplication and fraction division material for fifth-grade elementary school students. This type of research is development research using the ADDIE procedure. The methods used in data collection are interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The data collection instrument is in the form of a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques are qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The results showed that the worksheet based on a realistic mathematical education (RME) approach was valid from the material, media, learning design, and language experts. This study concludes that the learning media in the form of a worksheet based on a realistic mathematical education (RME) approach is feasible and effective in the mathematics learning process, especially in equations and fraction division.

This study aims to determine the profile of students' mathematical problem solving abilities before and after being taught using the Manipulative Media-Based Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) method, the effectiveness of the Manipulative Media-Based Realistic Mathematic Education (RME) method in improving students' mathematical problem solving abilities, and differences in solving abilities students' mathematical problems between before and after the application of the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) learning method. This research is a quantitative pre-experimental design. The research design used is the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design pattern. This design has a pretest, before being given treatment. The data collection technique in this study used a multiple-choice test technique. The data in this study were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that the problem-solving abilities of students before being taught the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) method based on manipulative media have an average value of 35.00, a standard deviation of 15.022 with a completeness percentage of 8% and after applying the Realistic Mathematical Education method ( RME) based on manipulative media students' problem solving abilities have an average of 84.20, a standard deviation of 8.602 with a completeness percentage of 92%; learning using the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) method based on manipulative media is effective in improving students' problem solving abilities in mathematics; and there are differences between before and after the implementation of the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) method based on manipulative media.

Multi-tiered system of support (MTSS2) is an instructional framework that supports bilingual English learners (B-ELs) with and without disabilities in both learning English as a second language and learning grade-level academic content. As populations change in the U.S. public schools and the achievement gap continues, the chapter presents how the MTSS2 framework is organized across tiers; the role of progress monitoring; and the cultural, linguistic, and research-based practices educators need to embed in the framework. MTSS2 also addresses inappropriate referrals of B-ELs for special education and related services. Recommendations include how to use research-based practices for B-ELs including culturally relevant practices, universal design for learning (UDL) principles, and English language support at each tier. The chapter ends with guidance on how MTSS2 can be used in the special education referral process for English learners with key recommendations that help disentangle language difference from language disability.

Given the academic diversity of today's classrooms, elementary teachers engaged in computer science (CS) and computational thinking (CT) instruction must create CS/CT experiences that are accessible and engaging to a broad range of learners, including those with disabilities. One method of developing inclusive instructional experiences is through the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, wherein teachers proactively design instruction for the broadest range of learners. Doing so may be challenging as elementary teachers may not be familiar with the UDL framework or may not have experience with applying UDL within CS/CT instruction. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how four elementary teachers provided UDL-based instruction to academically diverse learners during CS/CT instruction. Teachers received professional development and instructional coaching related to UDL within CS/CT education. Data included teachers' lesson plans, coaching logs, and teacher interviews which were qualitatively analyzed and triangulated. Data revealed that teachers generally addressed all three UDL principles, with an emphasis on two of the principles (multiple means of engagement and multiple means of representing content) above the third principle (multiple means of action and expression). They focused on breaking tasks into steps, emphasizing student choice, and presenting information in multiple ways. Findings revealed nuanced implementation differences among the teachers as well.

Teaching materials are learning tools that contain materials, learning methods, and ways to evaluate students which are arranged systematically to achieve learning objectives. The teaching materials used during mathematics learning are textbooks that make it difficult for students to understand the material and educators have not developed teaching materials based on a realistic mathematics education using the Tri N teaching. This research aims to determine the validity and responses of students to the development of mathematics teaching materials based on realistic mathematics education using Tri N teaching on the material of linear equation system class X SMK. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) which aims to produce and test product quality. This research refers to the 4D development model, namely Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. However, this research only reached the development stage. Data was collected by using documentation techniques, validation sheets, and student response questionnaires. The test subjects were students of class X TKJ 1 SMK Kesuma Margoyoso. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. This research produces a product of mathematics teaching materials with an average percentage of 85.6% which is included in the very valid category. Student responses to teaching materials are in the very good category with an average percentage of 82.22%. This shows that teaching materials are suitable for use in learning at school.
 Keywords: teaching materials, realistic mathematics education, tri-n.

With the rise in inclusive practices, information on evidence-based practices for teaching learners with mild to moderate disabilities is an important topic. Many professional and government organizations are working to disseminate this information to educators; however, the process can be thwarted by time, resources, training, and implementation of practices. By using multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) such as response to intervention (RtI) or positive behavior interventions and support (PBIS), schools can assess for, identify, and implement supports for all learners. If a learner continues to encounter challenges, even with high-quality teaching and strategies, then a more intensive intervention may be needed. One schoolwide change would be to use universal design for learning (UDL) to ensure strategies and supports are provided to all learners. Additionally, students may benefit from assistive technology. Teachers can learn about free and commercial evidence-based educational practices to create a safe environment, implement positive behavioral supports, and provide systematic, explicit instruction in academic areas of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social sciences.