Abstract
By simple modification of a GC electrode with biofunctional material, hydroxyapatite (HAp), an efficient electroanalytical tool, was designed and constructed. Modification of the GC surface includes two steps in synthesis: electrochemical deposition and chemical conversion. The properties, structure, and morphology of a nanosized material formed on a surface and absorbability were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Numerous methods in this work confirmed that the developed method for controlled HAp deposition results in a HAp open structure and uniform morphology, which is capable of the selective absorption of the target species. The main goal of this study was the possibility of using a HAp-modified electrode for the fast screening of copper, cadmium, and lead content in honey and sugar samples. The electrochemical behavior and potential of the electroanalytical determination of heavy metals using the HAp/GC electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The HAp/GC electrode exhibited great performance in the determination of heavy metals, based on the reduction of target metals, because of the high absorbability of the HAp film and the electroanalytical properties of GC. A linear response between 10 and 1000 μg/L for Cu and Pb and 1 and 100 μg/L for Cd, with an estimated detection limit of 2.0, 10.0, and 0.9 μg/L, respectively, was obtained.
Highlights
Environmental contamination is one of the main health problems in industrial countries [1]
We reported on the preparation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings on a glass carbon electrode by electrochemical deposition combined with the chemical precipitation of Ca/P phases and subsequent treatment in alkaline (NaOH) solution
Electrodeposition of Ca/P Phases on the glassy carbon (GC) Electrode and Surface Morphology of the HAp Coating on the GC Electrode 3.1.1
Summary
Environmental contamination is one of the main health problems in industrial countries [1]. Heavy metals include elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) Some of them, such as Cd, are exclusively toxic, whereas some are biogenic, such as Cu [3]. There are different sources of heavy metals in the environment such as natural, agricultural, industrial, domestic effluent, and atmospheric sources, as well as other sources They are stable in the environment, difficult to eliminate, and cause irreversible damage to the survival, feeding, growth, and behavior of organisms. Activities such as mining and smelting operations and agriculture have contaminated extensive areas of the world, mostly by heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, and Zn [4]. Several authors have indicated that honeybees and honey can serve as environmental bioindicators for metal pollution, as biomarkers for the identification of botanical and geographical origins represent a honey fingerprint [5,6,7]
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