Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, however traditional therapies have several side effects. This has led to an urgent need to explore novel drug approaches to treatment strategies such as graphene-based nanomaterials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO). It was noticed as a potential drug due to its target selectivity, easy functionalisation, chemisensitisation, and high drug-loading capacity. rGO is widely used in many fields, including biological and biomedical, due to its unique physicochemical properties. However, the possible mechanisms of rGO toxicity remain unclear. In this paper, we present findings on the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of rGO and its ability to induce oxidative stress and apoptosis of breast cancer cell lines. We indicate that rGO induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 cell lines, but not in T-47D, MCF-7, Hs 578T cell lines. In rGO-treated MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 cell lines, we noticed increased induction of apoptosis and necrosis. In addition, rGO has been found to cause oxidative stress, reduce proliferation, and induce structural changes in breast cancer cells. Taken together, these studies provide new insight into the mechanism of oxidative stress and apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
Highlights
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms in women [1]
The cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (25–300 μg/mL), for 24 h (Figure 1, blue lines) and 48 h (Figure 1, red lines)
In cells treated with higher concentrations of rGO, the effect of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and propidium iodide (PI) uptake was more pronounced with the MDA-MB-231 line compared to the ZR-75-1 cell line
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms in women [1]. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2019, 268,000 new cases in women were diagnosed worldwide [2]. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been the most frequent therapeutic options for the treatment of breast cancer. Some normal cells are damaged by these methods. An important area in cancer research is the search for new compounds with high toxicity and selectivity in killing cancer cells. Due to their low toxicity in animal models, some graphene nanomaterials have been used as alternative treatments for breast cancer [3]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
