The power of financial statement presentation. The overlooked factor?

Could New Accounting Directive Improve European Financial Reporting?

Financial statements are the main source of information showing the performance of an enterprise and its financial state. They are need for business management, analysis, internal and external audit, owners and state, investors, society. The set of financial statements is prepared by summarizing the company's financial year data. To prepare accountability, data is pre-accumulated and grouped in accounting records, synthetic and analytical accounting registers according to general principles: continuity, periodicity, permanence, prudence, monetary measure, accumulation, neutrality, relevance of content, importance of information (the most important ones, and necessary to know). These accounting principles are followed in the EU countries. According to A. Ivanauskienė, an annual stocktaking must be carried out before the annual financial statements are drawn up [3]. Accounting policy part includes accounting principles and a brief description of accounting methods and rules that are used by the entity in accounting and financial reporting. [2]. Accounting policies are general accounting principles, accounting methods, and rules intended for accounting management, formation and submission of financial - the definition is provided by A. Ivanauskienė [3]. For more information on accounting policies is written 6 BAS - the explanatory note of the accounting policy part should state that 'financial statements are prepared in accordance with business accounting standards. Other legal acts that have been used for accounting management and financial reporting purposes [1] are also included. At the end of the company's financial year, we have to prepare not only financial statements, but also to analyze it properly. Because only by submitting an annual analysis of financial statements we will be able to evaluate the company's performance and position. We will be able to determine whether the company's performance is profitable, whether by putting together and discussing all the reports, there is a risk for the company's future plans. Problem and Relevance - it is very important that the financial accountability reports would be prepared correctly and would perform their intended purpose. Accurate accumulation and systematization of accounting information allows to account correctly assets, capital, income and expenses. Otherwise, false information will result in distorted analysis results and its users will make wrong decisions. The aim of the work is to analyze the content of financial statements, principles of formation and use of data. Research object - financial accountability. Research objectives: 1. To analyze the essence and importance of financial accountability, to provide a systematic description of financial accountability. 2. To provide a procedure for regulating accountability and how to allocate it. 3. To set requirements for financial reporting. 4. To prove the importance of financial reporting with respect to companies. Research methods - analysis of scientific literature, including the comparison of theoretical statements, methods of generalization, logical and graphical representation. Conclusions: Financial statements should reflect fair information about the financial position and performance of the entity, as well as provide necessary information to internal and external users and disclose relevant information about significant events occurring during the reporting period. Preparation of financial statements is regulated by: Law on Accounting of the Republic of Lithuania, Law on Financial Accountability of the Republic of Lithuania, Consolidated Financial Accountability Compilation of the Republic of Lithuania, International Business Accounting Standards, National Business Accounting Standards, Accounting Policies shaped in the company. The data presented in the annual financial statements shall be prepared in accordance with the general accounting principles. The information received in the reports must be compared to the previous reporting periods and to the performance of other companies. The data obtained are needed for economic analysis, audit, planning of the company performance and forecasting

Banks maintain their accounting records and prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS. Annual financial statements are a set of reports that characterize the financial position, results of the bank’s operations, cash flows and changes in equity for the year. It is interesting to note that the end of the reporting period is only the beginning of the stage of preparation and disclosure of financial statements. After all, in addition to the reporting date and the date of disclosure of the annual financial statements, which are known to the general public, there is a whole list of dates that are known only to managers, accountants and auditors. These are the date of completion of preparation, the date of submission to the Board of Directors, the date of partial disclosure of certain indicators, such as profit, the date of approval of the financial statements by shareholders, etc. As a rule, the reporting date is December 31 of the respective year, although it may be different in accordance with IFRS. Accordingly, the date of publication of the annual financial statements is April 30 of the year following the reporting year. At the same time, a certain period of time elapses between the reporting date and the date of approval of the financial statements. The Bank’s operations are ongoing, and therefore, there is a high probability that new events and circumstances may arise. IFRSs recommend disclosing information about events that occur between the reporting date and the date the financial statements are authorized for issue or the date the financial results or selective information is available. Such recommendations should not be ignored, as this may indicate the concealment of important information or even be classified as fraud. Events after the reporting period are any events, which may be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, that occur from the end of the reporting period until the financial statements are authorized for issue. The classification of these events depends on the date of their probable occurrence and, accordingly, their impact on the financial statements. In general, these are events that affect the financial statements and require adjustments or events that do not require adjustments. It is worth paying attention to events after the reporting period that may affect the going concern basis. IFRS prohibit banks from preparing financial statements on a going concern basis if events after the reporting period indicate that such an assumption is inappropriate. The decision to use the going concern basis is based on a checklist of going concern triggers and their detailed analysis. The checklist of triggers includes: economic and geopolitical situation; level of income and cash flows of the bank; liquidity and solvency of the bank, as well as current and future profitability; financial position of counterparties; external and internal factors affecting the work of employees. For the financial statements prepared for the year ending December 31, 2021, the war and its consequences are events that do not require adjustment, as they reflect conditions that arose after the reporting period. For example, the company’s assets were damaged as a result of hostilities between the end of the reporting period and the authorization of the financial statements for issue. In accordance with IFRS, any impairment losses will be recognized in the period in which they occur. Accordingly, information on significant losses from asset damage will not adjust the 2021 financial data, but should be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. The study analyzed the notes to the annual financial statements of banks for 2019-2022.

Entity Financial Accounting Standards Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) that are used for entities without public accountability. SAK ETAP is an entity that does not have significant public accountability and publishes general purpose financial statements for external users such as owners who are not directly involved in business management, creditors, and credit rating agencies. For this reason, KPRI Karya Praja needs to understand and compile financial reports according to these regulations. The purpose of this community service is to assist the KPRI Karya Praja management in preparing financial reports in accordance with SAK ETAP and the Cooperative Law, namely by providing assistance. The benefit of this assistance is that the KPRI Karya Praja management is expected to understand the presentation and preparation of the correct financial statements in accordance with SAK ETAP and the Cooperative Act. The method used by the socialization of SAK ETAP and the Cooperative Act was continued with assistance in preparing financial statements. The results of this activity provide knowledge and understanding to the administrative, bookkeeping and treasurer sections on the basics of bookkeeping, code adjustments and account classification based on Financial Accounting Standards ETAP and Cooperative Law and provide assistance in the preparation of correct financial statements in accordance with ETAP Financial Statements and Laws. - About Cooperatives. Keywords—: Assistance; Preparation of Financial Statements.

Relevance of the research topic. At the present stage of transformational transformation of the economy, the issue with the use of the XBRL format in Ukraine, which is a prerequisite for successful interaction of enterprises in the global financial market and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. Problem statement. The absence of the practice of applying taxonomy of financial statements in Ukraine, causes the relevance of this study. The developed countries of the world have already introduced this format, because it allows to make the reporting not only transparent and accessible to potential investors, but also convenient for analysis. Analysis of recent studies and publications. The process of functioning of the financial reporting system in the format XBRL is the newest, it was researched in works: Kuznetsova S. A., Borisenko A. A., Boyko R. V., Ostrovskaya O. A., Khatib E., Yassin M., Harber M., Marx B., De Jager P. and other. Highlighting unexplored parts of a common problem. Particular attention is needed to develop solutions that will minimize potential problems associated with the implementation and use of the XBRL format in Ukraine. Setting of the task, objectives of the research. Analyzing the implementation of XBRL format in Ukraine. Identifying prospects for using and setting the potential issues in the preparation of new financial statements using global experience. Research method or methodology. Dialectical methods of scientific cognition, collection and analysis of information and inductive method were used in the course of the research. Basic material presentation (results of work). The article defines the essence of the XBRL format, analyzes the stages of its implementation in Ukraine. Prospects and typical errors in the preparation of financial statements using the format have been identified. Measures have been developed to minimize the likelihood of occurrence and to overcome problems associated with its application, taking into account world experience. Areas of application of the results. The results of this study may be applied in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with the specified format. Conclusions to the article. All of the benefits of implementing XBRL far outweigh the impact of its application Its use in Ukraine shall allow reporting entities to properly prepare financial statements, adjust the requirement for duplicating financial statements while presenting to regulators, and help woo investors through formation of the qualitative financial statements.

Background: This study tests the value relevance of interim accounting information. The study also explores whether the value relevance of annual and interim financial statements has changed over time.Aim: It explores whether the value relevance of interim financial statements is higher than the value relevance of annual financial statements. Finally, it investigates whether accounting information published in interim and annual financial statements has incremental value relevance.Setting: Data for the period from 1999 to 2012 were collected from a sample of non-financial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.Method: The Ohlson model to investigate the value relevance of accounting information was used for the study.Results: The results show that interim book value of equity is value relevant while interim earnings are not. Interim financial statements appear to have higher value relevance than annual financial statements. The value relevance of interim and annual accounting information has remained fairly constant over the sample period. Incremental comparisons provide evidence that additional book value of equity and earnings that accrue to a company between interim and annual reporting dates are value relevant.Conclusion: The study was conducted over a long sample period (1999–2012), in an era when a technology-driven economy and more timely reporting media could have had an effect on the value relevance of published accounting information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate and compare the value relevance of published interim and annual financial statements.

In general, financial statements are prepared by business entities to provide an overview of their financial performance to related parties such as owners, investors, employees, creditors, and others. This is in line with the function of financial statements according to Statement of Financial Accounting Concept (SFAC) Number 1, which is to provide data or information that is useful for potential shareholders and other users of financial statements to assist them in making economic decisions, based on cases of accounting fraud and misuse of financial statements, researchers are interested in examining the role of moral ethics in the aspect of religiosity in making financial statements, while the research method used is field research with qualitative descriptive data analysis. Based on the research results, the preparation of the company's financial statements is made within a certain period, this period depends on the policies of each company. Especially at PT Janus Global Trade, the preparation of financial statements is carried out simply every month. But it cannot be denied, of course there are obstacles faced by the compiler of financial statements that can indirectly cause errors in the preparation of financial statements, such as missing or late deposit of proof of transactions to the finance division, discrepancies with other related divisions, and late payment of receivables that exceed the specified period.

The purpose of this research is to; (1) To increase understanding in the preparation of Financial Statements in accordance with generally accepted standards, (2) Provide knowledge about how to prepare Financial Statements of Islamic Boarding Schools based on information system technology in accordance with ISAK 35. This research uses qualitative methods, and the research approach is phenomenology. The paradigm used is a type of interpretive paradigm with three concepts, namely interpretation, meaning and understanding. Data collection techniques were conducted through unstructured interviews, passive participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis uses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on research that has been carried out at the Darussolihin Labuhan Batu Islamic boarding school, it can be seen that: (1) There is still a lack of experts in the preparation of general standard financial statements (2) The Finance Section at the Darussolihin Labuhan Batu Islamic Boarding School is not given training in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with ISAK 35 so that the financial statements prepared still apply general standards only.

The financial statements will be considered reasonable if its presentation had been in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards which is generally accepted or commonly referred as SFAS compiled by IAI and the characteristics of those financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable, and comparable. In preparing the financial statements there are rules for recording transactions, which are the pairs bookkeeping system (double entry), this recording system is a common and commonly used in the preparation of the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements that was often still used is the single bookkeeping system (single entry), when the records did not show a complete overview of the transaction, then in order to preparing the financial statements that would be considered be reasonable will meet the difficulties, other than there is no direct way to know whether the balances was right, so the company is faced the danger of deviation, inaccurate, which those financial statements are not in accordance with accounting standards. In achieving the purposes of this study, then financial statements that has been adapted to the provisions of SFAS No. 1 will be restated based on the data that obtained from the company by using the pairs bookkeeping system (double entry), and secondly to determine the effect that raised when the financial statements are in accordance with provisions of SFAS No. 1. For this discussion, the researcher was restated the financial statements of the company in 2012. From the results of those financial statements presentation it will seem easier to be read by the parties who need financial statements to make economic decision-making in the present and in the future. Researcher has suggested that the company's financial statements presentation was able to present in accordance with SFAS No. 1 by using the pairs bookkeeping system (double entry).

Background: The objective of this community service is to improve the ability of BUMDes in preparing financial statements by applying excel. Contribution: The application of excel in the preparation of financial statements will contribute greatly to improve the quality of financial statements presented by BUMDes and have an impact on the effectiveness of decision making which ultimately supports the progress of these BUMDes. Method: The method for this community service are providing counseling on the importance of BUMDes financial reporting quality, provide counseling on effective identification on BUMDes transaction, provide technical guidance on the preparation of BUMDes financial statements using the Excel program, and discussion and Q&A on completely financial statement of BUMDes Results: BUMDes Damar Limo tourist trains and batik production as main business. Transactions that occur in these BUMdes include receipt of capital deposits, purchases of vehicles, equipment, raw materials, merchandise inventory, and supplies, payment of salaries and other costs, and revenue generation. The reports that must be presented include the income statement, statement of financial position, and statement of BUMdes health. Conclusion: The implementation of the Excel Accounting has an impact on presenting higher quality financial statements and managing BUMDes efficiently and professionally

The role of accounting in supporting the smooth execution of management tasks is very prominent, particularly in the planning and control functions. Accounting is able to provide financial information that is presented in the form of financial statements. Financial statements are considered fairly presented when they are prepared in accordance with the provisions of PSAK; the characteristics of such financial statements must be understandable, relevant, reliable, and comparable. In the preparation of financial statements, there are rules for recording transactions, which are known as the double-entry bookkeeping system. This system is commonly and widely used in the preparation of financial statements. However, financial statements in restaurant businesses in the city of Surabaya are prepared using a single-entry bookkeeping system. Theoretically, when financial statements are prepared using a single-entry system and the existing records do not show a complete summary of transactions, many specific difficulties will be encountered in preparing accurate financial statements. In addition, there is no direct way to determine whether the balances are correct, thus posing the risk of bias, inaccuracy, and misinterpretation, resulting in financial statements that do not comply with financial accounting standards. This condition motivated the author to conduct research on restaurant businesses in the city of Surabaya. In this study, the researcher restated the financial statements of restaurant businesses in Surabaya for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 using the double-entry system, and presented them in accordance with the provisions of PSAK No. 1 concerning the Presentation of Financial Statements.

Financial statement fraud is a discrepancy between the application of accounting principles and the preparation of financial statements with the aim of deceiving and deceiving users of financial statements. The approach taken to identify the factors that influence financial statement fraud, one of which is the fraud hexagon model. There are six factors in the fraud hexagon, namely Stimulus which will be represented by financial targets, Ability will be represented by a change of director, Collusion will be represented by political connections, Opportunity will be represented by the quality of external auditors, Rationalization will be represented by audit opinion and Ego is represented by many photos CEO. This study aims to analyze the effect of the fraud hexagon on fraudulent financial statements in infrastructure, utility and transportation sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2015-2019. Detection of the possibility of fraudulent financial statements is measured by the F-Score model. This study uses a purposive sampling technique with a sample of 25 companies and 125 data on annual reports and financial statements. The results showed that financial targets, the quality of external auditors, and the number of CEO photos had no effect on financial statement fraud, while the change of directors had a negative and significant effect on financial statement fraud, political connections had a positive and significant effect on financial statement fraud. Audit opinion has a negative and significant effect on financial statement fraud.

This study is intended to determine the implementation of PSAK 101 in the presentation and preparation of financial statements at Bank BSI in Medan.PSAK 101 is a statement of financial accounting standards that regulates the basis for the presentation of financial statement records for sharia entities. This statement regulates the presentation requirements, structure and minimum requirements for the content of financial statements. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study approach, where data is collected through document analysis, literature study of BSI's financial statements. The results of the study show that Bank BSI Medan City has implemented most of the provisions in PSAK 101, including the presentation of financial position statements, comprehensive income statements, cash flow statements, and equity change reports in accordance with sharia principles.

In today's unstable environment, one of the overarching principles for financial reporting of major importance to users of financial statements is going concern. The management of companies is responsible for disclosing information about whether the entity is a going concern or not. In addition, financial auditors must also obtain sufficient and reliable evidence to support their audit opinion on the appropriateness of management's use of the going concern principle in the preparation of financial statements. This study considers the following directions: it first investigates the extent to which financial auditors confirm management's use of the going concern principle in the preparation of the annual financial statements; it then tests the asymmetric relationship between going concern and earnings reporting and between going concern and loss reporting; finally, it seeks to identify the extent to which going concern issues at company level identified by the auditor, loss reporting and negative equity influence the type of audit opinion issued. The sample is represented by companies listed on the regulated market of the BSE in the period 2016-2021 and highlights that the accuracy of the use of the going concern principle in the preparation of financial statements by management is often refuted by financial auditors, that there are business areas in which there are entities for which going concern problems have been reported in one period, but rather gains are reported in the immediately following period, and for other business areas, there are entities for which no going concern problems have been reported and they report losses in subsequent periods. Also, the processing carried out showed that the type of audit opinion depends mainly on the sign of equity and the existence of going concern issues.

Affairs of the Association Whitle Penn REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS To the Board of Directors of the Texas State Historical Association We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Texas State Historical Association, which comprise the statements of financial position as of August 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements. Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”); this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Texas State Historical Association as of August 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of its activities and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with GAAP. Dallas, Texas January 26, 2015 [End Page 99] TEXAS STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION August 31, 2014 2013 Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 33,237 $ 117,993 Investments 739,129 290,062 Receivables 72,376 62,832 Grant receivables, net 1,570,185 1,064,050 Pledges receivable 182,076 161,013 Inventory 105,695 110,008 Prepaid expenses and other assets 11,930 12,775 Fixed assets, net 1,793 2,849 Endowment investments 2,609,109 2,288,477 Total assets $ 5,325,530 $ 4,110,059 Liabilities and Net Assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $ 90,476 $ 106,142 Line of credit 350,000 - Total liabilities 440,476 106,142 Net assets (deficiency): Unrestricted (367,269) (439,198) Temporarily restricted 1,417,745 909,186 Permanently restricted 3,834,578 3,533,929 Total net assets 4,885,054 4,003,917 Total liabilities and net assets $ 5,325,530 $ 4,110,059 See accompanying notes to financial statements. [End Page 100] TEXAS STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES Year ended August 31, 2014 Unrestricted Temporarily Restricted Permanently Restricted Total Revenue, gains, and other support: Publications and other sales $ 307,614 $ - $ - $ 307,614 Investment income 262,419 255,976 649 519,044 Contributions and grants 260,837 745,300 750,000 1,756,137 Association activities 132,805 - - 132,805 Membership fees 216,204 - - 216,204 Educational activities 58,074 - - 58,074 Contributed facilities and services 137,789 - - 137,789 Philosophical society 73,153 - - 73,153 Awards 15,900 - - 15,900 Other income 106,135 - - 106,135 Permanently restricted funds released by donor - 450,000 (450,000) - Net assets released from donor and program restrictions 942,717 (942,717) - - Total revenue, gains, and other support 2,513,647 508,559 300,649 3...