The potential use of miRNAs in forensic science

Abstract

The use of molecular genetic approaches to identification of tissues and biological fluids of the body, which often provide important information for reconstruction of a potential crime, is relevant for forensic studies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded noncoding RNAs (containing on average 18–22 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of specific mRNA targets, which results in a decrease in protein expression by blocking translation and / or promotes degradation of target mRNAs. MiRNAs are involved in virtually all biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. By acting on target genes, miRNAs are involved in regulation of many pathological processes. In addition, numerous miRNAs called circulating miRNAs were found in many biological fluids of the human body, for example, in blood. Molecular genetic approaches undoubtedly outperform histological and immunological tests in tissue characterization, and miRNAs, due to their characteristic tissue specificity and stability in biological fluids, have potential for application in forensic practice and are of great interest for experts.