Abstract
This paper maps, categorizes, and quantifies all major point sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial and combustion processes in Sweden. The paper also estimates the Swedish technical potential for electrofuels (power-to-gas/fuels) based on carbon capture and utilization. With our bottom-up approach using European data-bases, we find that Sweden emits approximately 50 million metric tons of CO2 per year from different types of point sources, with 65% (or about 32 million tons) from biogenic sources. The major sources are the pulp and paper industry (46%), heat and power production (23%), and waste treatment and incineration (8%). Most of the CO2 is emitted at low concentrations ( 90%, biofuel operations) would yield electrofuels corresponding to approximately 2% of the current demand for transportation fuels (corresponding to 1.5–2 TWh/year). In a 2030 scenario with large-scale biofuels operations based on lignocellulosic feedstocks, the potential for electrofuels production from high-concentration sources increases to 8–11 TWh/year. Finally, renewable electricity and production costs, rather than CO2 supply, limit the potential for production of electrofuels in Sweden.
Highlights
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced in order to limit global climate change and reach ambitious climate targets (Pachauri et al, 2014)
Biogenic sources account for 65% or 32 Mton of CO2 emissions per year
This study shows that Swedish point sources emit approximately 50 million metric tons of CO2 per year, 65% of which is biogenic in origin
Summary
Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions need to be reduced in order to limit global climate change and reach ambitious climate targets (Pachauri et al, 2014). An extensive official investigation commissioned by the Swedish government has concluded that a range of options are needed to reduce CO2 emissions from the transport sector, including biomass-based liquid and gaseous fuels (biofuels) along with hydrogen and electricity produced from renewable energy sources (Swedish Government Official Reports, 2013). Studies mainly investigate electrofuels as a (i) technology for storing intermittent electricity [e.g., Streibel et al (2013), de Boer et al (2014), Vandewalle et al (2014), König et al (2015), Qadrdan et al (2015), Varone and Ferrari (2015), Zakeri and Syri (2015), Zhang et al (2015), and Kötter et al (2016)], (ii) fuel for transport [e.g., Connolly et al (2014), Ridjan et al (2014), Larsson et al (2015)], or (iii) means of producing chemicals [e.g., Ganesh (2013), Perathoner and Centi (2014), and Chen et al (2016)].
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