Abstract
By 1870 the Māori had been in regular contact with Europeans for a hundred years. For thirty years they had weathered a massive population movement out of Europe that had rewritten the demography of New Zealand. During the 1860s the Māori had been engaged in a series of major wars with the British Crown. These finally tipped the balance of power in the islands in favour of the colonists. This period had witnessed a massive dislocation of Maori life and culture, but it had also seen vigorous and creative responses to the new situation. In fact, Māori gardens and flour mills kept the nascent cities of the new colony from starving during the first decades of European settlement, and a number of ‘iwi’ (tribes) conducted their own trade with New South Wales during this time.
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