The Philological and communication studies at the beginning of the XXI century: heritage and prospects. On the 80th anniversary of the birth of the first editor of the journal "Philology & Human" Alexey Andreevich Chuvakin

The aim of the study is to assess the variability of morphofunctional indi-cators of masculinity among students in Belarus over time and depending on the level of physical fitness.The research was carried out in the years between 2016–2021 in Minsk (Republic of Belarus). The sample consisted of 233 students (102 young men, 131 young women) aged 18 to 22. The materials of our research of 180 stu-dents (125 young men and 65 young women) of the Belarusian State University of Physical Culture were also used. The material used for comparison was the archival data of the Department of Anthropology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus from the period 2000–2007: a total of 243 students in Minsk (98 young men, 145 young women).Anthropometric measurements of body length, body weight, shoulder width, pelvic width, waist circumference, hip circumference, tense shoulder cir-cumference, relaxed shoulder circumference, length of the second and fourth fin-gers of both hands, wrist dynamometry of the right and left hand were carried out. The morphological indices were calculated. It was revealed that modern young men have more waist circumference and than young men of the beginning of the XXI century. In young women, waist circumference and body weight showed greater stability. The width of the pelvis, like that of both sexes, has decreased from the beginning of the 21th century to the present. In modern young men, disharmony of physique due to excess body weight in relation to its length occurs more often than at the beginning of the century. The indicators of wrist dyna-mometry among modern Belarusian students have become lower compared to the beginning of the 2000s. The young men and women involved in physical cul-ture had a significantly lower 2D:4D for the left hand and right hand than those who have a lower level of physical fitness.Thus, the features of the temporal variability of young students in Belar-us of such indicators as waist circumference, pelvic width and dynamometry (strength capabilities) were revealed, which were reflected in the dynamics of morphological indices of masculinity

Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to explore the impact of the anthropocentric paradigm on Uzbek linguistics and its subsequent formation. The focus is on the shift towards an anthropocentric approach in world linguistics, especially since the late 20th century. The article aims to highlight the specific areas within Uzbek linguistics that have been influenced by this paradigm, emphasizing changes and developments in scientific views and ideas. Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the article employs a methodological approach that involves an examination of the anthropocentric paradigm and its integration into Uzbek linguistics. It explores how the subject of language, along with its owner, national mentality, and culture, has gained prominence in linguistic studies. The methods also include an analysis of the fields that emerged based on anthropocentric views and the notable changes witnessed in 21st-century Uzbek linguistics. Results: The results of this study shed light on the significant impact of the anthropocentric paradigm on various aspects of Uzbek linguistics. The article analyzes the emergence of fields such as Uzbek cognitive linguistics, linguistic and cultural studies, and pragmalinguistics. It delves into the exploration of spiritual values and linguistic experiences within national-cultural communities, offering insights into the signs of interdependence between language and culture. Conclusion: In conclusion, the article synthesizes the findings by providing general conclusions on the influence of the anthropocentric paradigm on Uzbek linguistics. It underscores the importance of studying language in conjunction with its owner and cultural context. The changes and developments observed in the 21st century within Uzbek linguistics, shaped by anthropocentric views, are highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes the continued relevance of the relationship between language and culture, as well as language and thinking, within the anthropocentric approach in world linguistics. Overall, the article contributes to the understanding of the evolving landscape of Uzbek linguistics under the influence of the anthropocentric paradigm.

Physics has a long history, but more physics has been discovered in the twentieth century than in all previous eras together. That in itself would be a sufficient justification for a history of physics in the twentieth century, but the end of the previous century also marked a discontinuity, from Newtonian classical physics to relativity and quantum mechanics. If any single event marks the start of the process it is the discovery of x-rays in 1895, and Kragh's century spans from about 1895 to about 1995. It is, of course, too much for a single volume, even a large one, and Kragh recognizes from the outset that he has to be selective and concentrate on those subjects that define twentieth-century physics. For the early part of the century the author relies on carefully chosen secondary sources, to avoid the near-impossible task of absorbing a multitude of original papers. The recent period is more difficult, and the sources are articles, reviews, and the recollections of physicists. The book is in three main sections, roughly to the end of World War I, to the end of World War II, and up to 1995, plus a retrospective summary. It deals with more than just discoveries in physics, looking also at physicists and institutions, and at their interactions with the rest of society. The broad outlines of many discoveries are often known to physicists who have no special interest in history, and Kragh is careful to point out where these conventional accounts are inadequate. The first chapters set the scene at the end of the nineteenth century, acknowledging that there was a belief that all the grand underlying principles had been established, but also pointing out that there was a ferment of attempts to reinterpret physics in terms of concepts like vortices and hyperspaces. The history begins with the mould-breaking discoveries of x-rays, radioactivity and the electron. The chapters that follow look at theories about atomic structure, and at quantum physics, relativity and superconductivity, plus a glance at some practical applications of physics such as the beginnings of electronics. The interwar and World War II themes are quantum mechanics, the physics of the nucleus, the discovery of more fundamental particles and atomic fission, including the Manhattan project and nuclear weapons. Post World War II themes include nuclear physics and nuclear energy, particle physics, fundamental theories, solid-state physics, and some engineering physics - transistors, lasers and fibre optics. To show that physics is not a linear and uninterrupted process some unsuccessful ideas are included such as the concept of electromagnetic mass. As fascinating as the physics is the development of the physics community. At the beginning of the century physics research was largely a European activity and Germany was the leading nation. Kragh, based at the University of Aarhus, in Denmark, is better placed than most historians writing in English to produce an even-handed account. He is also well placed to chronicle the role of the man who features so prominently in the middle period: Niels Bohr. It was not only Bohr's own work, but also the focus provided by his Copenhagen Institute for so many other contributions to atomic physics. At the beginning of the century scientists considered themselves a supranational group. That illusion was shattered by World War I, when scientists showed themselves to be no less nationalistic than other groups. The ostracism suffered by German scientists after the war is something we ought to be more aware of. In part because science became a substitute for the political and military power much good work was done in Germany, at least until the Nazi regime began to sack non-Aryan scientists. As is well known, the loss of talent was enormous, and much of it went to America, which became the world power in physics as in so much else. The major role played by physicists in World War II, most obviously in the atomic bomb project, the largest research project ever undertaken, is discussed. Since World War II support from governments for physics has increased enormously, but the fortunes of many physicists have remained entwined with the military establishment and many others now work within megaprojects such as CERN. At the end of the century the numbers of physicists and of papers published have grown a hundred-fold, and funding by an even larger factor. Other aspects have changed less. Physics is still male-dominated and largely a North American and European enterprise. Latterly there has been some reduction in support. Physics, along with the rest of science, has also been under attack for the problems it has created. The beginning of the twenty-first century promises to be as interesting for physics as recent decades have been. Comparison with the other recent work in this field, the three-volume Twentieth Century Physics edited by Laurie Brown, Abraham Pais and Brian Pippard (Institute of Physics Publishing and American Institute of Physics Press, 1995), is unavoidable. They fill different niches. Twentieth Century Physics is a massive and expensive work by some 30 leading physicists, destined mainly for the shelves of academic libraries. Quantum Generations is a book by a professional historian covering much of the same physics, albeit more briefly, but written with a broader sweep that takes in more of the political and cultural milieu within which the physicists worked. References are given sparingly so as not to break up the text, but there are suggestions for further reading for each chapter, and there is an extensive bibliography. It is not a book for those with no background at all in physics - there are too many equations of nuclear reactions for that, and in any case such a book would be a superficial thing. Even many physicists will find some of the more esoteric ideas, such as the grand unified theories and superstring theory, heavy going. It is, however, accessible to a wide readership, and a book that can be read for the broad story, not just dipped into for specific details. It is likely to become the standard historical introduction to the history of physics in the twentieth century for scientists and historians, not to be superseded until well into the twenty-first century when the consequences of work that is still recent can be seen more clearly.

Introduction At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Japan became increasingly vocal about the importance of promoting and protecting what Tokyo considers to be fundamental values, such as human rights and democracy, in all parts of the world. It now also explicitly mentions Asia as a priority region – something that it tended to avoid in the 1980s and 1990s.2 At the beginning of the century, Japan, as a major provider of foreign aid, announced that its Official Development Assistance (ODA) would prioritize assistance to developing countries that make active efforts to pursue “democratization, and the protection of human rights” (MOFA 2003, section I-2-1). Japan also imposed upon itself a set of principles regulating eligibility to receive Japanese aid, most notably the “democracy and human rights principle”, to pay full attention to “efforts for promoting democratization . . . and the situation regarding the protection of basic human rights and freedoms in the recipient country” (MOFA 2003, section II-4).3 However, while the turn of the century saw Japan become increasingly comfortable with the idea of human rights and democracy as universally applicable, normative values that should be internalized across Southeast Asia, Japan has also been happy to explicitly link national and strategic interests with foreign aid and development cooperation. In the National Security Strategy of 2013 (MOFA 2013a) and the Development Cooperation Charter adopted in February 2015 (MOFA 2015a), Tokyo called for a more strategic utilization of ODA in order to better serve national interests. Consequently, ODA is being linked with the ability to contribute proactively to peace and security, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This chapter analyses the potential implications of Japan’s “securitization” of ODA for Tokyo’s increasingly vocal normative ambitions regarding the promotion and protection of democratization and basic human rights processes in Southeast Asia. Japan’s compliance with its self-imposed democracy and human rights principle in Southeast Asia is examined, and the priority given to developing countries’ democratization and human rights protection in the region is assessed. The time frame is ODA between 2004 and 2015. Japan has been criticized for arbitrary implementation of the democracy and human rights principlesince its first appearance in the original ODA Charter of 1992, but few if any studies have measured compliance since the revision of the ODA Charter in 2003. In addition, given the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 and Japan’s new-found and increasing advocacy for the AsiaPacific region to be founded on “universal values of freedom, democracy and human rights” in the twenty-first century, Japan may be expected to be more inclined to comply with its self-imposed ODA principles. With Tokyo’s previous pragmatic implementation of the ODA principles in mind, a logical assumption would be that the securitization of ODA and the growing focus on national interests would have negative implications for the more normative ambitions that Japan has signalled for Southeast Asia. This chapter, however, finds that even though Japan has recently upgraded security and national interests as explicit objectives of Japanese ODA, these “policy shifts” are unlikely to have adverse effects on Japan’s normative ambitions. Since Japan generally refrains from engaging in advocacy of normative values where such values are considered controversial, and instead focuses such ambitions on countries that have already started to commit to these values, nothing stands in the way of Tokyo increasing its advocacy while at the same time continuing to provide ODA that serves its national interests.

The article highlights the history and features of parliamentarism development in the Latin America countries. In addition, the need for training on the subject and the effect of increasing students and educators’ awareness in this field is examined. This process was lengthy, replete with the examples of various social groups, political trends and parties struggle intensity increase. Since the beginning of the 19th century, there have been almost no favorable conditions for the practical implementation of democratic government in the countries of Latin America, and the institutionalization of the party system has not taken place yet. However, there have been exceptions to the general rule in the history of Latin America. Chile and Argentina were such an example. The success of democratic transformations in the countries of the region depended on various reasons: a) whether the country had a democratic experience in its past; b) the conditions for the political and economic development of this country to develop representative institutions in the future; c) the importance of the parties in the political course development and the adoption of state decisions. The results of democracy and parliamentarism development in the states of Latin America are rather complicated by the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. On the one hand, the last decades of the XX-th century and the beginning of this century was marked by the democratization of political life, reforms, and the replacement of military regimes with civilian governments. Since the beginning of the 60-ies, they started the process of democratization and formation of independent island states in the Caribbean and Central America. Despite the successful development of the economy, culture, education, the presence of a large middle class in Argentina, the military governments overcame civilian ones in the 30-70-ies. Therefore, it is needed to consider this aspect as a part of education system to improve the educators’ level.

The paper seeks to highlight the precise sense of timeliness of one of the most relevant writers of the troubled 20th century. With his work “The Magic Mountain”, Thomas Mann reveals the ordeals of German society, which, in fact, mirrors the latent tragedies in Europe that triggered the First and, later, the Second World War. The leading role of German science and culture is explained by its economic and technological high standards at the beginning of the 20th century. If development at levels not seen before was able to provide improvements in life, it was not efficient in resolving human disputes marked by bloody conflicts. At the existential level, the ordeals were no less challenging. The description of a character’s change of life, the never-ending conflict of ideas arising from the coexistence of minds with distinct experiences, and the duality of ideas explored unfold in a unique narrative in this novel from the beginning of the century. This is a bibliographical and documentary research carried out in the theoretical field with a qualitative approach. We propose an analysis of the personal conflicts of each character, aligned with the underlying reality and connected to it. We conclude that Mann’s impact and understanding of the human condition goes beyond his time and is still meaningful in the 21st century.

During the 20th and 21st centuries, Ecuador's migration flows consisted of (sometimes simultaneous) processes of emigration, immigration, and internal migration at different scales and in varying intensities. This article describes those processes since the beginning of the 19th century, and especially at the beginning of this century when the number of emigrants increased considerably, establishing a landmark in Ecuador's migratory history. Migratory movements have coincided with the cycles of an economic model based primarily on agro‐exports and, subsequently, oil exports. The fluctuations in the economy produced by the application of this model could be linked to migratory movements in Ecuador showing that these have been related to global socioeconomic processes and dynamics and, at the same time, that the model and its global insertion is reconfigured by the sociohistorical and political dynamics of individual countries.

The purpose of the article is to generalize information about staffing choreographers of the National Opera of Ukraine, namely V. Yaremenko, V. Litvinova, A. Rekhviashvili, who worked there at the beginning of the XXI century. The methodology of the work includes the application of such culturological methods as general-historical, comparative-historical, analytical, etc. The scientific novelty of the publication is in the first complex research of creative work of such ballet-masters as Victor Yaremenko, Aniko Rekhviashvili, Victor Litvinov, who worked in this theater at the beginning of the century. Conclusions. Periods of work of the staffing ballet-masters of National Opera of Ukraine are as follows: V. Yaremenko (2000-2013), A. Rehviashvily (2013–2019), V. Litvinova (1985 till today, interrupted). Their work is characterized by their productive work, which was connected with the update and improvement of the repertoire of the theatre. Their art is also connected with the modernization of academic art-works («Le Corsaire», «Raymonda»), creation of modern classic(«The Marriage of Figaro», «Viennese waltz», «La Dame aux Camélias», «Snow Queen», «Julius Caesar»), experiment with neo-classical ballet art («Sheherazade», «Petrushka», «The Firebird», «Daphnis et Chloé», «Сaprices», «Тights in the gardens of Spain») and grotesque, comedy ballet(«Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka», «Сhasing two hares»). Each of the choreographers made an incredible art contribution to the history of the National Opera of Ukraine.

Linguistic clues suggest that the Indonesian colonizers directly sailed to Madagascar

The article is devoted to the study of the Russian language in China, namely in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China from the middle of the XIXth to the beginning of the XXIth centuries. The author examines waves of emigration from Russia to north-western China due to socio-historical factors and the spheres of the Russian language usage in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during this period. The aim of this article is to study the functioning features of the Russian language in north-western China, namely in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, from the middle of the XIXth to the beginning of the XXIth centuries against the background of the history of the Russian-speaking population emergence in north-western China. The main sources of the study are published scientific materials on the history of the Russian colony in Xinjiang, as well as materials from the scientific expedition to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, carried out by the group of researchers of the Russian language in China with the author’s participation in July 2018. The materials were studied by means of field, linguistic and personological, descriptive, and narrative methods of scientific research. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of the main life activity spheres (everyday, religious, educational, production and cultural ones) by the Russian speaking population of Xinjiang have had a qualitative effect not only on the ethnicity preservation of the Russian-speaking population, but also on the preservation of the Russian language in this Chinese region. The results of this work will be useful for further research of the Russian language in northwestern China, since the specifics of the Russian language functioning in this foreign region still remains a «white spot» in Russian and foreign sociolinguistics and linguistic emigrant studies.

As has been the case in other nations at the beginning of this century, Brazil is undergoing a series of changes in a wide range of areas, particularly those brought on by the plethora of contradictions unleashed by globalization. For the consolidation of this new phase in the history of Brazilian society it is crucial that the issue of racial equality be included in all discussions aimed at improving the living conditions of the entire nation; otherwise, if the country doesn’t resolve this century-old problem, there will be no real social progress. Since the abolition of slavery in 1888, and throughout the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries, for the first time the federal government has entered the public debate about the adoption of state policies aimed at the eradication of racial inequality; it has recognized the major role played by racism in the erection of the barriers that block access to employment opportunities and decent housing, health, and education for the majority of the population.

SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE article Front. Immunol., 11 August 2011Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy volume 2 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00034

Reviewed by: Chinese Americans and the Politics of Race and Culture, and: Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation, and: Chinese Community Leadership: Case Study of Victoria in Canada Wing Chung Ng (bio) Sucheng Chan and Madeline Y. Hsu, editors. Chinese Americans and the Politics of Race and Culture. Series on Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008. xx, 266 pp. Hardcover $83.50, ISBN 978-1-59213-752-7. Paperback $29.95, ISBN 978-1-59213-753-4. Min Zhou. Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation. Series on Asian American History and Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009. xvi, 310 pp. Hardcover $91.50, ISBN 978-1-59213-857-9. Paperback $29.95, ISBN 978-1-59213-858-6. David Chuenyan Lai. Chinese Community Leadership: Case Study of Victoria in Canada. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2010. 284 pp. Hardcover $58.00, ISBN 978-981-4295-17-8. The study of the Chinese migrant communities has always been a multidisciplinary enterprise that engages a broad range of the humanities and social sciences. The two single-author books under review are the works of a sociologist and a geographer, respectively. The other book, an anthology of research-based essays, is furnished by a team of scholars from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, including history, American studies, anthropology, ethnic studies, and women and gender studies. While these works do not cohere to any particular theme, together they showcase the fruitful intellectual labor grounded in solid research, informed by critical concepts and theories, and presented with clarity. Moreover, some three generations of scholars are represented in these recent publications: senior scholars who embarked on serious research on Chinese migration in North America in the late 1960s and 1970s, and whose contributions have helped lay the foundation of this field; a second cohort emerging in the late 1980s and 1990s, whose scholarly work has been instrumental in opening up unexplored areas for inquiry and who, in the process, have earned recognition for their individual accomplishments and for the field at large; and last but not least, a third generation that has been adding their first research monographs to an exciting list of new scholarship since the beginning of this century. The collection of essays in Chinese Americans and the Politics of Race and Culture, edited by Sucheng Chan and Madeline Hsu, is an excellent example of a collaboration that involves authors across generations. Chan, a leading authority in Asian American studies, has an outstanding record of partnership with colleagues, many under her wing, to present cutting-edge research. Almost two decades ago, the highly acclaimed collection she edited titled Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Communities in America, 1882–1943 (Philadelphia: Temple University [End Page 166] Press, 1994) was a trailblazer that invited readers to scrutinize the records of the exclusion era. Subsequently, Chan and her colleagues completed a trilogy on this period with two more volumes of essays: Claiming America: Constructing Chinese American Identities during the Exclusion Era, coedited with Scott K. Wong (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), and Chinese American Transnationalism: The Flow of People, Resources, and Ideas between China and America during the Exclusion Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005). This latest anthology, Chinese Americans and the Politics of Race and Culture, transcends the time frame of the exclusion period with chapters ranging from the late nineteenth to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Championing the current practice in cultural history, the authors reject the notion of culture as a seemingly uniform, unifying, and even timeless category made of inheritable items. Instead, they each “investigate the manner in which Chinese Americans have engaged in the politics of race and culture by deploying their ‘culture’ — their representations and self-representations — to their own advantage, seizing the higher ground from their historic detractors who used ‘Chinese culture’ against them and placed them into an inferior and racialized slot in the host society” (Chan and Hsu, p. xiii). The emphasis is placed on the agency of Chinese Americans, as individuals, as men and women, as families, as entrepreneurs, as journalists, as people with strong (leftist) political views, as young adolescents born and/ or raised in the...

Professional, as well as research framework of contemporary architectural design implies a field articulated by the development of information technologies. So far, it has represented an area of the most rapid exchange of opinions and ideas, being subjected to various interpretations and speculations in different phases of the architectural design process - from initial ideas to final architectural simulations and realisations. Radical changes in architectural thinking have directly reflected on the usage and ways of understanding architectural drawing in the architectural design process. Furthermore, this situation led to radical changes in the traditional process of designing the architectural space. In the context of understanding the relationship between the architect and the drawing as his/her only authorial work, this relationship is being usurped by the implementation of the computer software as an intermediary tool between the two. The introduction of software in the architectural design process influences the emerging forms of the architectural drawing, offering new possibilities such as direct, current and omnipresent manipulation, as well as a multitude of representational possibilities. This paper problematizes the position of architectural drawing by examining its manifestations at the beginning of the twenty-first century as a consequence of the paradigmatic changes brought about by the digital revolution. Architectural drawing at the beginning of the century is disappearing in its traditional sense and is being replaced by different forms and roles in the architectural design process. Since the conducted research is observed primarily through the discipline of architecture, and more closely, through the field of visual arts, it will examine the role of drawing in the area of architectural representation. Additionally, the research results emerging in the form of a hybrid model of architectural drawing, will be discussed in terms of its creative potential and further explorative applicability within the field of architectural education.

The overall improvement in the health of Americans over the 20th century is best exemplified by dramatic changes in 2 trends: 1) the age-adjusted death rate declined by about 74%, while 2) life expectancy increased 56%. Leading causes of death shifted from infectious to chronic diseases. In 1900, infectious respiratory diseases accounted for nearly a quarter of all deaths. In 1998, the 10 leading causes of death in the United States were, respectively, heart disease and cancer followed by stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, accidents (unintentional injuries), pneumonia and influenza, diabetes, suicide, kidney diseases, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Together these leading causes accounted for 84% of all deaths. The size and composition of the American population is fundamentally affected by the fertility rate and the number of births. From the beginning of the century there was a steady decline in the fertility rate to a low point in 1936. The postwar baby boom peaked in 1957, when 123 of every 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years gave birth. Thereafter, fertility rates began a steady decline. Trends in the number of births parallel the trends in the fertility rate. Beginning in 1936 and continuing to 1956, there was precipitous decline in maternal mortality from 582 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1935 to 40 in 1956. Since 1950 the maternal mortality ratio dropped by 90% to 7.1 in 1998. The infant mortality rate has shown an exponential decline during the 20th century. In 1915, approximately 100 white infants per 1000 live births died in the first year of life; the rate for black infants was almost twice as high. In 1998, the infant mortality rate was 7.2 overall, 6.0 for white infants, and 14.3 for black infants. For children older than 1 year of age, the overall decline in mortality during the 20th century has been spectacular. In 1900, >3 in 100 children died between their first and 20th birthday; today, <2 in 1000 die. At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading causes of child mortality were infectious diseases, including diarrheal diseases, diphtheria, measles, pneumonia and influenza, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and whooping cough. Between 1900 and 1998, the percentage of child deaths attributable to infectious diseases declined from 61.6% to 2%. Accidents accounted for 6.3% of child deaths in 1900, but 43.9% in 1998. Between 1900 and 1998, the death rate from accidents, now usually called unintentional injuries, declined two-thirds, from 47. 5 to 15.9 deaths per 100 000. The child dependency ratio far exceeded the elderly dependency ratio during most of the 20th century, particularly during the first 70 years. The elderly ratio has gained incrementally since then and the large increase expected beginning in 2010 indicates that the difference in the 2 ratios will become considerably less by 2030. The challenge for the 21st century is how to balance the needs of children with the growing demands for a large aging population of elderly persons.