Abstract
Sapindus mukorossi is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages—i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy—and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of S. mukorossi. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in Sapindus, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees.
Highlights
Sapindus mukorossi, a member of the Family Sapindaceae, is a multi-functional species with ecological, environmental, social, and economic benefits
Eight principal stages were used to describe the phenology of S. mukorossi (Table 1)
The growth cycle of S. mukorossi differed from those of longan and lychee trees in southern China; these latter species have a period of dormancy in winter after completing the growth of shoot and start the reproductive period in the spring of year
Summary
A member of the Family Sapindaceae, is a multi-functional species with ecological, environmental, social, and economic benefits. It is widely grown as a native ornamental landscaping species in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide [1,2]. The extended summer flowering period, yellow leaves, and golden fruits that are borne in fall and winter make this species an attractive choice for urban forestry establishment in southern China, where trees with leaf colors other than green are rare. S. mukorossi trees planted for greening in urban landscapes have strong carbon sequestration abilities, and they are salt- and alkali-resistant [3,4]. The trees are planted in courtyards, forest parks, along city streets, and in university campuses, parks, popular tourist areas, and temples [1]
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