Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the health of individuals physically, mentally, and socially. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of this impact across the pandemic from a biopsychosocial stance.
 Methods: A survey created by the research team was employed between November 2020 and February 2021 across social media, relevant organizations, and networks. The survey incorporated 5-time points across the different stages of the pandemic, covering biological, psychological, and social. There were 5 items for each survey (Very Positive affect to Very Negative affect), and analysis was undertaken using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon Tests, as well as correlations between the three domains, were implemented.
 Results: This study included 164 participants (77.0% female and 35.0% male) across 24 out of 38 counties in the UK. The impact of COVID-19 on biological domain was significant across the five data points χ2(4) = 63.99, p < 0.001, psychological χ2(4) = 118.939, p <0.001 and socially χ2(4) = 186.43, p <0.001. Between the 5 data points, 4 out of 5 had a negative impact, however between the first stage of lockdown and the easing of restrictions, findings for biological (Z=-2.35, p <0.05), psychological (Z=-6.61, p < 0.001), and socially (Z = -8.61, p <0.001) were positive. Negative correlations between the three domains across the pandemic are apparent, but in later stages, the biological domain had a positive correlation r = 0.52, p < 0.001.
 Conclusion: The data shows a negative impact from the self-reported perception of wellbeing from a biopsychosocial stance over time, as well as perceiving the three domains to interact negatively. To address these biopsychosocial issues, the research implies a place-based integrated recovery effort is needed, addressing biological, psychological, and social issues simultaneously. Further research should investigate biopsychosocial health among a more generalizable population.
Highlights
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the health of individuals physically, mentally, and socially
Self-perception indicators of biopsychosocial wellbeing before COVID-19 The survey data provided a self-rating of biological, psychological, and social wellbeing before the pandemic started
Examples of successful applications of the biopsychosocial model (BPS) framework were identified in the introduction; further, the management of pain has been transformed with the introduction of a BPS approach as Bevers, Watts, Kishino, Gatchel, et al [33] state, its introduction has led to the implementation of “interdisciplinary, multifaceted pain management strategies"
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the health of individuals physically, mentally, and socially. Efforts focused on the prevention of the transmission, treatment, and development of a vaccine. These clinical needs became more pressing as prevalence and mortality rates increased. The scale, depth, and George Engel originally proposed the biopsychosocial model (BPS) in order to address the shortcomings he perceived in medicine [5]. This BPS theoretical framework purports that psychological and social factors are as significant as biological influences on health and wellbeing.
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