The Path to Smart Shrinkage

Many older cities in the United States confront the problem of long-term decline in population and economic activity resulting in blighted conditions that make conventional revitalization initiatives unlikely to succeed. Smart shrinkage, a planning approach that emphasizes alternative land uses while preserving quality of life, offers a way for cities to remain desirable places to live and work. However, there is little research on empirical methods to support planning decisions consistent with smart shrinkage. We present results from two studies with planners from the City of Baltimore that provide novel insights regarding ways in which planners can perform vacant property redevelopment using methods from data analytics and decision science. This study provides a foundation for practitioners to make better use of large volumes of data describing blighted communities, accommodate diverse attitudes about policy and planning responses to blight, and judiciously apply advanced methods in data analysis and decision models.

The essence of global carbon neutrality is the most comprehensive and profound transformation of the development paradigm since the industrial revolution. The fundamental purpose of economic development is to improve people's well-being, and urbanization is the spatial manifestation of economic development. Therefore, the fundamental reason for the emergence of cities and towns is to promote economic development, thereby improving people's well-being. Different economic activities require different forms of spatial distribution. The large-scale urbanization of the population is a phenomenon of the industrial age. In the ages of agriculture, industry, and the current era of green development under Internet conditions, due to changes in development content, there are different demands for space, and the spatial form of economic activities has undergone substantial changes.

Economics and the law are the two inseparable things. There is always a relationship between the two. These two things can influence the development of people's welfare. This writing explores that during his life (1332-1406 AD), Ibnu Khaldun spent almost his whole time to read, learn and produce a distinctive work regarding socio-historical development of the existing government and community, as well as the type of local entity. Moreover, for some researchers, the role of Ibnu Khaldun in paving the way for creating foundations of sociological study can’t be neglected. According to him, the role of law in economic activity in general can be seen from two sides, in two equal interests, namely: a. Law is seen from the dimensions of economic activity; and b. Law is seen from the dimension of the state over its authority. Departing from the economic goals, in fact to obtain the maximum profit, the law is merely seen as a useful external factor and can be utilized to secure the economic activities and objectives to be achieved. The research proves that the essence of Ibnu Khaldun’s thought is still relevant to the modern time. Departing from his ideas and comparing them to the western and modern ones, one may conclude that Ibnu Khaldun’s philosophical analyses could be reinterpreted and contextualized. If it is so, then his theories are more identical to Stiglitz than to Smith and Marx.

Research on the phenomenon of agglomeration of community economic activities needs to be carried out to see its impact on regional development, especially in border areas. Grouped economic activities can be a consideration for the government in taking economic policies in order to improve people's welfare. This study aimed to find out: 1) where and how the economic activities of the fishing community in Jenilu Village experience concentration or agglomeration; 2) what are the characteristics of the economic activities of the fishing community in Jenilu Village; and 3) what government policies should be taken to accelerate development in Jenilu Village. This type of research is a qualitative field exploration with data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The research results show: 1) the economic activities of the fishing community in Jenilu Village experience agglomeration or grouping in the Atapupu area due to the historical value of this area which has long been the center of community activities and also the existence of infrastructure support including good access to cross-country roads, markets, and ports; 2) 80% of the people of Jenilu Village work as fishermen with a low-income level of an average of Rp. 1000,000,- per month, still relying on simple fishing equipment such as fishing rods, nets, and motorized boats, and the main types of a catch include tuna, tuna, yellow stripe, and mackerel; 3) the regional government is expected to be able to improve the quality of human resources and build infrastructure in this region to support the development of the main border gate area which has not been maximized.

Indonesia has experienced significant economic growth, especially in the 1990s when Indonesia was considered as one of the Asian tigers with economic growth of about 7 percent per year though in mid-1997, economic crisis hit this country and some countries of Southeast Asia and East Asia, which is influenced by various factors both external and internal ones. As a result of the crisis storm, in macro scale the economic growth in Indonesia dropped sharply to 4.9 percent in 1997 and even up to minus 17.13 percent in the third quarter of 1998. Recently, Indonesian economic growth reached 5.02 percent in 2016 and it is predicted the growth will be 5.1 percent in 2017. This article focuses on the study of the implementation of the principles of Islamic economics in Indonesia, as a country that is predominantly Muslim. In order to be free from various crisis such economics, moral, social, and cultural crisis, Indonesia's economic growth must be accompanied with the implementation of Islamic economics principles, namely the implementation of Tawhîd principles in economic activity, the implementation of Khilâfa principle as a task and role of man on earth, the applying of fairness and balance principle so that social welfare for all Indonesian people can be formed, the implementation of equitable principle in order to avoid economic inequality of Indonesian people, and the application of work and productivity principle to achieve economic welfare for Indonesian people.

Development is a planned process carried out by the government or related institutions to encourage changes that contribute to improving people's welfare. In this case, development is seen as a systematic effort to achieve people's welfare, where the government plays a strategic role in driving the wheels of development, especially in supporting economic growth. Economic growth can be driven through infrastructure development, such as roads, electricity, and mining, because all three play an important role in supporting economic and social activities. This study aims to analyze the effect of road infrastructure, electricity infrastructure, and mining infrastructure on economic growth in Central Sulawesi Province. This study was conducted in Central Sulawesi Province using a quantitative method based on secondary data. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of the study show that simultaneously, road infrastructure, electricity infrastructure, and mining infrastructure have an effect on economic growth in Central Sulawesi Province. However, partially, only electricity infrastructure has been shown to have a significant effect on economic growth, while road and mining infrastructure do not show a significant effect. However, the government needs to review the strategy for developing and maintaining road and mining infrastructure. Factors such as the low quality and quantity of roads and the lack of development of downstream industries for nickel processing can be obstacles that hinder the effectiveness of this infrastructure in supporting economic growth. On the other hand, increasing electricity capacity and distribution remains a priority to support the development of the industrial sector and small businesses in the region.

본 연구의 목적은 텍스트 의미망 및 통계분석을 통하여 코로나19 전후 48개월 기간 동안 ‘장애인 고용’, ‘장애인 직업재활’, ‘장애인 소득보장’을 장애인 경제활동의 중요 키워드로 하여 해당 뉴스 기사들의 시기별 트렌드, 변수 상호관계 그리고 통계적 차이점을 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 결과로서 장애인 경제활동관련 텍스트 트렌드 분석 결과, 코로나19 이전에는 장애인의무고용, 최저임금 적용제외, 장애인 복지 등의 내용이었으나, 코로나19 이후에는 장애인 고용의 전반적인 양 및 질적 하락, 직업재활시설의 어려움, 팬데믹 방역 대응, 일자리 사업통한 소득 보장의 이슈가 부각되었다. 더 나아가 텍스트 의미망 분석 결과 코로나19 이전에는 공공기관 주도, 일자리 프로그램, 보호작업장, 탈시설, 장애등급제 폐지와 같은 다양한 논의들이 활발하게 제시되었으나, 이후에는 코로나19가 모든 이슈 전면에 부각되어 영향을 미치게 되었다. 특히 장애인 고용의 경우 코로나19 전후에 있어 보도건수의 통계적 차이가 유의미하게 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 장애인 경제활동을 재활성화하기 위한 제언으로서는 첫째, 코로나19 이후 하락하고 있는 장애인 고용 상황에 대한 면밀한 실태조사, 장애인 당사자 및 고용기업의 참여를 보장하는 정책적 전환 그리고 대언론 홍보활동의 활발한 증진이 필요하고, 둘째는 한계상황에 봉착한 장애인 직업재활 시설들에 대한 과감한 정책적 지원이 이루어져야 하며, 마지막으로 장애인 소득보장의 경우 사회적 안전망 강화를 위한 노동시장 진입과 적절한 근로 보장 그리고 자립생활을 증진시키기 위한 지속적 변화가 요구되어진다.The purpose of this study was to analyze the keywords of ‘Employment of people with disabilities’, ‘Vocational Rehabilitation’, and ‘Income Security’ during the 48 months before and after COVID-19 through text semantic network and statistical analysis. Also, trends, variable correlations, and statistical differences between the news articles were analyzed. As a result of the text trend analysis, before Corona 19, the contents of the compulsory employment of people with disabilities, exclusion of the minimum wage, and welfare of people with disabilities were included. However, after COVID-19, issues such as a decline in the quantity and quality of employment, difficulties in vocational rehabilitation facilities, response to the pandemic, and income security through job businesses have emerged. Furthermore, as a result of the analysis, various discussions such as public institution-led initiatives, job programs, sheltered workplaces, de-institutionalization, and abolition of the disability rating system were actively presented before COVID-19. After that, COVID-19 came to the forefront and had an impact on all issues. In particular, in the case of employment of the people with disabilities, the statistical difference in the number of reports was significant before and after COVID-19. Based on this, the implications and suggestions for revitalizing the economic activities are as follows: First, it is necessary to conduct a detailed fact-finding on the declining employment situation of people with disabilities after COVID-19, a policy change that guarantees the participation of disabled people and employers, and active promotion of public relations activities in the media. Second, audacious policy support should be made for vocational rehabilitation facilities for the disabled who are facing a limiting situation. Lastly, in the case of income security, drastic changes are required for entry into the labor market to strengthen the social safety net, ensure adequate work, and lead an independent life.

Forests are of utmost importance for sustainability because of their ongoing contributions to biodiversity protection, fertility management in agricultural areas, and the well-being of people. However, few studies have focused on the extent to which the bioeconomy of forests impacts a country’s social and economic development. This study aimed to examine the bioeconomy contribution of forestry to social and economic development using Greece as a case study. Data was collected from 312 professionals in the forestry and finance sectors of Greece using a survey questionnaire. Forests are associated with direct and indirect contributions that impact human livelihood and contribute toward a country’s economic development. However, the role of forestry in development is affected by policy-related and human-made challenges. The difficulties are primarily caused by shifts in how economic activity is distributed from the agricultural to the industrial to the service sectors, different government policies intended to increase forest cover, and in other instances, as a result of the role of global capital and trade. The forestry contributions to global commerce, national economies, employment, and family incomes remain consistent throughout all these patterns of loss, stabilization, and recovery. It was established that the bioeconomy can increase the benefits of forests by further exploiting forest wealth (biomass, resins) with the direct and indirect benefits for forest-related societies and local economies. In addition, the management and exploitation of forests by adopting bioeconomy practices, allows the attainment of important skills, knowledge, and new fields of entrepreneurship.

Advances in information technology enable researchers to utilize big data in analyzing social behaviors in scientific ways. While an interest to evaluate economically effective policies is increasing worldwide, testing hypothesized policies with a real society is highly risky. To overcome this difficulty, we present an agent-based social simulation model based on the low fertility trap hypotheses, which includes human network, social heterogeneity, demographic condition, and economic activity. We aim to 1) analyze the interaction between economic state transitions and demographic events in terms of ageing, low fertility, and economic instability and 2) use the social simulation model to support political decision making based on real case study data from South Korea. An initial designed experiment shows that ageing and low fertility are mutually related to individual economic capability. Low fertility is also found to be a consequence of creating an economic buffer against consumption and well-being of people in a society, especially with a high number of elderly. This current study is the first phase of the hybrid simulation model integrating the statistical-based micro simulation and system dynamics simulation approaches in our on-going work to create the hybrid demographic simulation model using South Korean case study to better understand social phenomena and to provide economic solutions during crises.

В статье представлен обзор многочисленных литературных источников по проблеме эволюции почв, на основе которого оценена степень её изученности и очерчен круг вопросов, требующих уточнения. Показано, что почвы на территории Евразии начали формироваться в основном в голоцене 10 –12 тыс. лет назад. Их саморазвитие характеризуется постепенным замедлением темпов протекания процессов развития структурно-дифференцированного профиля, происходящего в зависимости от особенностей климата, рельефа и подстилающей породы. Почвы являются достаточно медленно развивающимися природными объектами и скорость их развития гораздо ниже, чем изменений биоты и климата, но выше, чем геологических событий. Исследователями выделено несколько типов развития почв, имеющих во многом зональную природу. Основным фактором эволюции почв и природных комплексов в целом является климат, который в течение голоцена претерпевал весьма значительные изменения. Установлено, что почвы, формирующиеся на песчаных породах, слабее, чем на суглинках, реагируют на изменения географической среды. Наибольшей же динамичностью развития выделяются почвы пойм, днищ балок и других понижений рельефа. Развитие профиля почв осложняется также разнообразными турбациями, которые заметно различаются по факторам воздействия и характеру пространственно-временных проявлений. Степень изученности проблемы, несмотря на большое число опубликованных работ, нельзя назвать полной и остаётся ещё много невыясненных частных вопросов, ответ на которые возможен лишь на основе комплексных междисциплинарных исследований и дальнейшего развития теории эволюции почв. Introduction. Soil is a highly dynamic system that transforms and develops at different rates under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. Knowledge of the laws of soil evolution is both of great theoretical and practical importance. It allows to get a unique information on particular features of the change of the climate and landscapes in different parts of the world, which have a huge impact on the life, economic activity, and well-being of people. On the basis the data, it will be possible to compose a coherent picture of the development of our civilization and choose the optimal strategies for nature management. The goal of the research is to review the literature sources on soil evolution, to assess the degree of knowledge of this problem, and to reveal the unresolved problems. Results. It was found that the Eurasian soils had begun to form mainly in the Holocene 10-12 thousand years ago. Self-development of soils is characterized by a gradual slowdown in the rate of development of a structurally differentiated profile which occurs depending on the characteristics of climate, topography, and undersoil. Soils are slow-developing natural objects. The rate of soil development is much slower in comparison with the changes in biota and climate, but it is higher than geological events. Researchers revealed several types of soil evolution that were mainly of zonal nature. Climate is the key factor in the soil evolution and the ecosystem on the whole. It was changing significantly during the Holocene. It was demonstrated that the soils forming on the sand were more changeable to the geographical environment in comparison with soils on the loam. The soils of river basins, bottoms of gullies, and other topographic lows are more dynamic for development. The development of the soil profile is also complicated by a number of variations, which differ in the impact factors and the nature of spatio-temporal performance. Conclusion. Despite a large number of published works, the problem in focus is studied insufficiently. There are still many unexplained specific questions, the answer to which is possible only on the basis of complex interdisciplinary researches and further development of the theory of soil evolution.

This research aims to uncover and analyze the concepts and strategies for empowering the people's economy through the management of the Al-Falah Sragen pilot Mosque from the Maqasid Sharia perspective. This study uses qualitative methods with descriptive, sociological, and normative approaches. The research was located at the Al-Falah Mosque in Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia, the second pilot Mosque after the Jogokariyan Mosque in Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques by direct interviews with sources at the al-Falah Mosque, observation, and documentation. The study results show that the economic empowerment of the people around the Al-Falah Mosque has several appropriate management strategies, including 1). This Mosque has a clear vision and mission; 2). The distribution of neat Mosque management, 3). Solid Ta’mir organization, 4). Integrated MSME (micro small and Medium Enterprises) development. With these various strategies, the existence of this Mosque will be prosperous and beneficial for Indonesian Muslims in general and the community around the Al-Falah Mosque in Sragen in particular. While the economic empowerment activities of the Al-Falah Mosque in Sragen vary, including: 1). Religious studies, 2). Learning to read the Koran, 3). Tahsin qiro'ah, 4). Dhikr together, 5). Distribution of groceries, and 6) Incidental training, which makes the Al-Falah Mosque's breadwinner community continue to grow. In addition, from a Sharia point of view, all economic empowerment activities for the Al-Falah Sragen Mosque are by the Maqasid Sharia conceptualized by As-Syatibi, namely, to safeguard religion, property, soul, lineage, and honor.

In the 19th century, developments took place in many areas around the world. The industrialization process has accelerated in the world, production scales have increased, and the economic integration process has started. With the globalization of trade, the boundaries became less visible, and entrepreneurs could trade freely in different parts of the world. In this article, the extent to which the economic activities on the Bulgarian territory could be integrated into the world trade in the 19th century, the political and financial institutions of the Ottoman Empire, and the legal arrangements that affected the welfare of the Bulgarian people will be discussed. In making this discussion, the basis of institutional economic thought will be examined, and the effects of the institutions of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure of Bulgaria will be reviewed. Did the Ottoman Empire, expressed in the terms of institutional economics, constitute inclusive institutions or exploitative institutions in economic activities on the territory of Bulgaria? This discussion will be more explanatory under four main headings. These are; traditional institutions, tax regulations, financial institutions, and legal regulations. Thus, the effects of the Ottoman Empire on the economic structure in the territory of Bulgaria will become more pronounced.

The economic condition of a region in each period can increase or decrease by looking at changes in goods and services. An increase in economic activity is a process of changing economic conditions that occur in an area on an ongoing basis to get to a better state for a certain period of time. Economic growth is a benchmark in achieving the development of economic conditions in a region so that it has an impact on increasing people's welfare. South Sumatra's economic growth in the first quarter of 2021 improved compared to the previous quarter. Similar to economic growth in South Sumatra Province, the districts and cities in it (Musi Rawas Regency, North Musi Rawas and Lubuklinggau City) also experienced ups and downs of economic growth. With the current ups and downs of economic growth, Musi Rawas Regency, North Musi Rawas and Lubuklinggau City need accurate information about the picture of economic growth in the future, this is intended to be able to prepare various policies or actions so that the level of the economy in Musi Rawas Regency, Musi North Rawas and Lubuklinggau City can be increased. Based on this problem, Musi Rawas Regency, North Musi Rawas and Lubuklinggau City need a prediction system in order to see a picture of economic growth in the future. The purpose of this study is to design a prediction system that can predict the rate of economic growth in Musi Rawas Regency, North Musi Rawas and Lubuklinggau City. The method used in the prediction system is a simple linear regression method, the use of a simple linear regression method in this study due to the limited time of the study and used to determine the direction of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, whether it has a positive or negative relationship and to predict the value of the dependent variable if the value of the independent variable increases or decreases.

The article is devoted to theoretical understanding of the group of factors and conditions that affect the sustainable development of territorial socio-ecological-economic systems and the elaboration of applied aspects of this problem. The factor of the economy innovative component in achieving the sustainability of regional development is examined in detail. Sustainability of regional development means indefinitely long-term qualitative development, operated system-balanced adaptive development. Such development does not destroy the natural environment and ensures the internal integration of local communities, sufficient for an indefinitely long effective joint opposition to those phenomena and processes that threaten the safety of these communities and impede their self-development. This approach requires a review of the fundamental basis of economic thinking, economic activity, management and planning. A significant change is necessary from an essentially predatory economy in which selfish individual and group aspirations dominate to ensure their own current stability through the exploitation of the majority, including resources and future generations, to a steadily developing solidarity economy that meets common interests of both current and future generations. It is well known that the growth of people's well-being is not only in the growth of GDP/GRP, profits and incomes, it is also basic life conditions and their development which are no less important. To implement this approach, it seems necessary to review the current economic order, the role of factors ensuring the sustainability of regional development, one of the main factors being a widespread use of innovations in all areas of economy.

The unlimited economic growth that fuels capitalism's metabolism has profoundly transformed a large portion of Earth. The resulting environmental destruction has led to an unprecedented rate of biodiversity loss. Following large-scale losses of habitats and species, it was recognized that biodiversity is crucial to maintaining functional ecosystems. We sought to continue the debate on the contradictions between economic growth and biodiversity in the conservation science literature and thus invite scholars to engage in reversing the biodiversity crisis through acknowledging the impacts of economic growth. In the 1970s, a global agenda was set to develop different milestones related to sustainable development, including green-blue economic growth, which despite not specifically addressing biodiversity reinforced the idea that economic development based on profit is compatible with the planet's ecology. Only after biodiversity loss captured the attention of environmental sciences researchers in the early 2000s was a global biodiversity agenda implemented. The agenda highlights biodiversity conservation as a major international challenge and recognizes that the main drivers of biodiversity loss derive from economic activities. The post-2000 biodiversity agendas, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the post-2020 Convention on Biological Diversity Global Strategy Framework, do not consider the negative impacts of growth-oriented strategies on biodiversity. As a result, global biodiversity conservation priorities are governed by the economic value of biodiversity and its assumed contribution to people's welfare. A large body of empirical evidence shows that unlimited economic growth is the main driver of biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene; thus, we strongly argue for sustainable degrowth and a fundamental shift in societal values. An equitable downscaling of the physical economy can improve ecological conditions, thus reducing biodiversity loss and consequently enhancing human well-being.