Abstract
BackgroundLiver cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and novel prognostic factor is needed for early detection and therapeutic responsiveness monitoring. The orphan nuclear receptor NR0B2 was reported to suppress liver cancer development in a mouse model, and its expression levels were reduced in liver cancer tissues and cell lines due to hypermethylation within its promoter region. However, it is not clear if NR0B2 expression is associated with cancer survival or disease progression and how NR0B2 gene expression is regulated at the molecular level.MethodsMultiple cancer databases were utilized to explore NR0B2 gene expression profiles crossing a variety of human cancers, including liver cancers, on several publicly assessable bioinformatics platforms. NR0B2 gene expression with or without kinase inhibitor treatment was analyzed using the qPCR technique, and NR0B2 protein expression was assessed in western blot assays. Two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7, were used in these experiments. NR0B2 gene activation was evaluated using NR0B2 promoter-driven luciferase reporter assays.ResultsNR0B2 gene is predominantly expressed in liver tissue crossing human major organs or tissues, but it is significantly downregulated in liver cancers. NR0B2 expression is mostly downregulated in most common cancers but also upregulated in a few intestinal cancers. NR0B2 gene expression significantly correlated with patient overall survival status in multiple human malignancies, including lung, kidney, breast, urinary bladder, thyroid, colon, and head-neck cancers, as well as liposarcoma and B-cell lymphoma. In liver cancer patients, higher NR0B2 expression is associated with favorite relapse-free and progression-free survival, especially in Asian male patients with viral infection history. In addition, NR0B2 expression negatively correlated with immune infiltration and PIK3CA and PIK3CG gene expression in liver cancer tissues. In HepG2 and Huh7 cells, NR0B2 expression at the transcription level was drastically reduced after MAPK inhibition but was significantly enhanced after PI3K inhibition.ConclusionNR0B2 gene expression is altered mainly in most human malignancies and significantly reduced in liver cancers. NR0B2 is a prognosis factor for patient survival in liver cancers. MAPK and PI3K oppositely modulate NR0B2 expression, and NR0B2 gene upregulation might serve as a therapeutic responsiveness factor in anti-PI3K therapy for liver cancer.
Highlights
Liver cancer is the fifth or seventh most common cause of cancer death in the United States [1]
To obtain a complete image of the NR0B2 gene expression pattern in human organs/tissue, we re-analyzed the microarray data collected by the Oncomine database
These data are in agreement with the published literature in the field that the primary function of NR0B2 gene-coded protein small heterodimer partner (SHP) is in bile acid metabolism, innate immune response, and gene regulation [7, 21,22,23]
Summary
Liver cancer is the fifth (male) or seventh (female) most common cause of cancer death in the United States [1]. Liver cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and novel prognostic factor is needed for early detection and therapeutic responsiveness monitoring. The orphan nuclear receptor NR0B2 was reported to suppress liver cancer development in a mouse model, and its expression levels were reduced in liver cancer tissues and cell lines due to hypermethylation within its promoter region. It is not clear if NR0B2 expression is associated with cancer survival or disease progression and how NR0B2 gene expression is regulated at the molecular level
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