The Origins of Scaling in Cities

This research examines the impacts of economic (ECON) factors, ESG factors, and artificial intelligence (AI) factors on energy transition (ET) in 33 OECD countries. The CS-ARDL model is utilized to analyze both long-term links and short-term dynamics in panel datasets, accounting for cross-sectional dependence, between 2002 and 2020. The findings indicate that while economic factors (ECON) negatively affect energy transition (ET), environmental factors (E) positively affect it. However, while social factors and AI demonstrate negative relationships with ET, governance factors demonstrate positive relationships. Finally, the impact of ECON-ESG on energy transition (ET) is negative. Some inferences and policy implications are as follows: (i) The negative effects of economic factors (ECON) on ET suggest that focusing on energy transition through only economic growth cannot be enough. Economic growth should be integrated into the energy transition by increasing energy efficiency. (ii) The negative effect of artificial intelligence (AI) on ET can be interpreted as the high investment costs of AI technologies may make energy transition projects challenging to finance and reduce their applicability. Policymakers can develop innovative financing models to finance energy transition projects related to AI technologies. For example, they can establish performance-based financing models for energy efficiency services. (iii) The negative effect of broad-based sustainability (ECON-ESG) with additional economic factors (ECON) to ESG on ET can be interpreted as follows. Some economic policies may contradict environmental, social, and government policies. For example, policies encouraging short-term economic growth can damage long-term environmental and social impacts, negatively impacting the energy transition. Adopting a holistic approach that integrates economic, environmental, social, governance, and artificial intelligence factors is critical for policymakers to accelerate energy transition and achieve sustainable development goals.

This study aims to examine the impact of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (PESTEL) factors on event businesses in Malaysia. Using qualitative interpretive methods and data from in-depth interviews with 15 event managers, the study identified several external factors affecting event operations. The results show that political factors such as government policies, small business funding grants, and global trade agreements or restrictions can significantly impact event businesses. Economic factors such as exchange rates, labor costs, globalization, and economic growth or decline can also affect operations, while social factors such as consumer trends, tastes, buying habits, lifestyle factors, and population demographics can also play a role. Technological factors, including tools and technological advancements, incentives, and the widespread use of social media, are also identified as important. Moreover, environmental factors such as supply chain management, procurement, future pandemics, ethical sourcing, sustainable resources, weather and climate, risk assessment, multiracial sensitivity, and geographical location are found to impact event businesses as well. Finally, legal factors such as health and safety regulations, employment laws, common laws, and consumer protection laws can also affect event operations. Overall, this study highlights the importance of conducting PESTEL analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of external factors that can impact event businesses. By using this analysis, event managers can develop strategies to mitigate risks and adapt to the changing market conditions. The findings suggest that event managers must remain vigilant in monitoring and responding to political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors to ensure the success of their operations.

Currently, the existing model in the research location (Balikpapan City) considers only the technical aspects, and there is subjective allocation due to the manager’s vision. This study simulated water allocation, taking into account nontechnical (economic, social, and environmental) factors. The research methodology consists of literature review, analysis of land use change based on the satellite Citra in 2014, 2015, and 2021, analysis of flood routing and flood maps based on LiDAR 2021, and analysis of flood vulnerability. The research location is the Karangmumus watershed, Talangsari sub-watershed in Samarinda City. The results indicate that the rainfall depth is 70 mm, and the area inundated with water to a depth greater than 0.7 m is 4.6 ha. Additionally, the area inundated to a depth greater than 0.5 m is 7.54 ha, and the area inundated to a depth greater than 0.3 m is 21.56 ha. Сhange in the inundation area impacts the level of flood vulnerability. It is expected that through a detailed examination of the land use change analysis in the Talangsari sub-watershed, it will be feasible to determine the susceptibility of areas in flood-prone regions in other watersheds. The extent of flood intensity can be assessed by considering land use transformations; therefore, the change in flood vulnerability impact can also be estimated. The outcomes of this study can serve as a useful guide for formulating area utilization policies in a watershed, thereby minimizing the potential impact of escalating flood vulnerability in the future. Keywords: water allocation, economic factors, social factors, environmental factors. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.51.6.3

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major cause of death and illness in infants. This study aimed to analyze the effects of biological, social, economic, and nutritional factors on LBW at Madiun General Hospital, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Madiun General Hospital, East Java, from January to December 2017. A sample of 200 newborn babies were selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 50 babies with low birth weight and 150 control infants with normal birth weight. The dependent variable was birth weight. The independent variables were maternal age, education, parity, maternal nutritional status, maternal employment, family income, anemia, and birth space. Clinical data were taken from medical record. The data of other variables were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis. Results: The risk of LBW increased with anemia (b= 1.09; CI 95%= 0.27 to 1.91; p= 0.009), multiparity (b= 1.73; CI 95%= 0.28 to 2.06; p= 0.010), and age 35 years (b= 1.41; CI 95%= 0.24 to 2.57; p= 0.018). The risk of LBW decreased with good maternal nutritional status (b= -1.49; CI 95%= -2.32 to -0.65; p< 0,001), maternal education ≥high school(b= -1.05; CI 95%= -1.88 to -0.21; p= 0.014), and wide birth space (b= -1.06; CI 95%= -2.24 to 0.11 p= 0.076). Maternal employment and family income had indirect effect on the risk of LBW. Conclusion: The risk of LBW is affected by anemia, parity, maternal age <20 years and ≥35 years, poor maternal nutritional status, low maternal education, and narrow birth space. Keywords: low birth weight, biological factor, social factor, economic factor

Understanding the drivers of PM2.5 concentrations in Chinese cities: A comprehensive study of anthropogenic and environmental factors

Sustainability relies on economic, social, and environmental factors. This study investigates their impact on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in G7 countries from 2002 to 2020, employing the IV-GMM model. The empirical result found that economic, social factors and technological advancements positively affected SDGs. However, this study also identifies a negative correlation between green innovation and SDGs, suggesting potential tradeoffs and unintended consequences. Robustness checks using alternative dependent variables and panel quantile regression confirm the reliability of the findings. Both linear and nonlinear models found a significant relationship. Furthermore, the analysis underscores the moderating role of technological advancement and green innovation, revealing the nuanced effects of the three pillars on SDGs. The analysis reveals that technological advancements positively moderate the relationship between economic and environmental factors with SDGs. At the same time, green innovation's moderation leads to a negative relationship between economic factors and SDGs but a positive association between social factors and SDGs, highlighting the complexities in achieving sustainable development. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of sustainable development, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies to tackle global challenges effectively.

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a transformative innovation in the automotive industry, offering a promising solution to environmental challenges. This paper examines the complex interplay of economic, social, and environmental factors that influence consumers' decisions to adopt EVs. Economic factors, such as initial purchase price and operating costs, play a crucial role in adoption. Research suggests that as EV prices become more competitive and operational expenses decline, adoption rates will accelerate. Social factors, including peer influence and perceptions of EV performance, reliability, and convenience, also shape consumer attitudes and preferences. Environmental considerations, including the imperative to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and reduce air pollution, drive the adoption of EVs. This review synthesizes existing literature on the impact of economic, social, and environmental factors on EV adoption, providing valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers. By elucidating the complex dynamics that influence consumer behavior, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable mobility and the transition towards a greener transportation ecosystem.

This article seeks to identify the various factors affecting the demand for cinema and effectiveness degree of each factor. In this paper we seek to answer the main question that how much economic, cultural, social, individual and environmental factors affect demand of going to the cinema. In order to find the answer to the aforesaid question through survey, information about a sample of 800 who go to cinema in Tehran is collected. These people are selected through simple random sampling. The collected data have been analyzed via factor analysis and path analysis method. The results show: demand for going to cinema follows economic, cultural, social, individual and environmental factors and with consideration to amount of standard coefficient, it should be said that economical factors and environmental factors respectively have the highest and lowest impact on demand for going to cinema.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: demand for cinema, economic factors, social factors, cultural factors, environmental factors, Individual factors, factor analysis.

Transforming agriculture to climate change in Famenin County, West Iran through a focus on environmental, economic and social factors

The Yellow River Basin holds significance as a vital ecological shield and economic hub within China. Adapting land utilization practices and optimizing landscape patterns are of paramount significance in preserving the ecological equilibrium of the Yellow River Basin while fostering high-quality economic development. In this study, we selected the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province as our research area. We use a land use transition matrix and FRAGSTATS 4.2 software to analyze changes in land use and landscape patterns within the study area from 1990 to 2020. Furthermore, Geographical Detector is employed to explore the impact of different natural and social economic factors that have influenced the progress of the landscape surface pattern in the study area. Finally, to identify the zonal aggregation effects of primary components in connection with landscaping feature indices at the city dimension, we use bivariate local spatial autocorrelation. The results are as follows: (1) In terms of land use change characteristics, the area of cultivated land, grassland, shrubs, and bare land shows a decreasing tendency, the area of construction land and forest land shows an increasing tendency, and the water area fluctuates and changes. Most of the cultivated land is shifted to construction land, followed by forest land, construction land, and cultivated land mainly transferred from grassland. (2) At the level of type in terms of shifting landscape patterns, cultivated land, forest land, water, and construction land have a more complex landscape shape, reduced fragmentation, and better natural connectivity. At the overall level, the overall landscape pattern indices are relatively stable, with more patch types and a more balanced distribution. (3) The findings regarding influencing factors reveal that the primary industry output value, population, secondary industry output value, and temperature are the principal driving forces behind the progress of the landscape surface pattern. The main drivers have changed over time in different regions. As indicated by the findings from bivariate local spatial autocorrelation analysis, at the city scale, the leading cause of landscape fragmentation in Luoyang is the primary industry output value, while in Xinxiang, landscape fragmentation is primarily driven by the secondary industry output value and temperature. In this study, we introduce the bivariate local spatial autocorrelation method to analyze the clustering effects of key influencing factors and landscape patterns at the city scale. This is crucial for the harmonized growth of land use planning and the urban economy in the Yellow River Basin.

We are experiencing an unprecedented urbanization process that, alongside physical, social and economic developments, has been having a significant impact on a population’s health. Due to the increase in pollution, violence and poverty, our modern cities no longer ensure a good quality of life so they become unhealthy environments. This study aims to assess the effect of social, environmental and economic factors on the hematologic profile of residents of Santo André’s landfill. In particular, we will assess the effect of social, economic, and environmental factors on current and potential disease markers obtained from hematological tests. The research method is the observational type, from a retrospective cohort, and by convenience sampling in Santo André in the Greater ABC (municipalities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, southeast part of the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil). The study determined a socio-environmental profile and the hematologic diseases screening related to a close location to the landfill. The disease manifests itself within a broad spectrum of symptoms that causes changes in blood count parameters. The objective of this work is to show that there is an association between social, environmental and economic factors and a variety of serious disease outcomes that may be detected from blood screening. A causal study of the effect of living near the landfill on these disease outcomes would be a very expensive and time-consuming study. This work we believe is sufficient for public health officials to consider policy and attempt remediation of the effects of living near a landfill.

The incidence of stunting under five is a major nutritional problem faced by Indonesia. The research aimed to determine relationship of the social, economic, and environmental factors related with stunting occurrenceintoddlers 10-59 months at Health Centers Gorontalo District. This research was done on the population of toddlers who experience stunting in 2019 recorded in 7Health Centers. The data was collected from 98 samples by applying the purposive sampling method. The research instrument was done by using a questionnaire. Data analysis employs univariate, bivariate analysis and chi-square test with the help of software SPSS version 21. The result showed that the social factors, namely mother's education with the p-value of 0,000 OR = 12,375 CI = 4,560-33,584, and economic factors, namely income with the p-value of 0,000 OR = 11,719 CI = 3,652 – 38,605 and environmental factors, namely waste disposal facilities with the p-value of 0,000 OR = 12,813 CI = 4,815 -34,097. Based on these result, it can be stated that social factors, especially mother's education, economic factors, especially income, and environmental factors, especially waste disposal facilities have a significant relationship with stunting occurrence in toddlers 10-59 months at the Health Centers Gorontalo District.

Te purpose of the paper is to provide a comprehensive historical overview of the development of artisanal gold mining in the African region, including the economic, political, social and environmental factors that have infuenced its growth, as well as the challenges and opportunities facing the sector today. Methods. Te study was conducted through a comprehensive review of available literature, including academic articles, books, reports and online resources. Relevant information was gathered and analyzed to identify the key economic, political, technological, environmental and social factors that have infuenced the growth and impact of artisanal gold mining in Africa over time. An exploratory approach was used, using a thematic analysis method to identify and categorize the various themes. Results. A historical review of artisanal gold mining in Africa leads to a number of important conclusions. First, the sector has grown signifcantly over time, with production increasing from a few kilograms per year in the early 20th century to millions of ounces per year in the 21st century. Second, a number of economic, political, social, and environmental factors have infuenced the growth of the sector, including changes in global gold prices, national mining policies, technological innovation, migration processes, and land use practices. Tird, the sector has had both positive and negative impacts on local communities and the environment, with positive aspects including employment, income generation, and improved access to basic services, and negative aspects including land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, and health hazards. Conclusions. Te work presented underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to understanding artisanal gold mining. While the sector has contributed to economic development and poverty reduction in some areas, it has also created signifcant social and environmental costs that need to be addressed through efective policies and interventions. Key challenges facing the sector include the informal and unregulated nature of operations, lack of access to fnance and technology, and the need to balance the interests of various stakeholders, including mining communities, governments, and environmental groups. Overall, the historical review underscores the importance of a sustainable and inclusive approach to artisanal gold mining that addresses the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders and contributes to the long-term well-being of both people and the planet.

Sustainability evaluation of cold-bonded aggregates made from waste materials

Spatiotemporal variation of land-use carbon emissions and its implications for low carbon and ecological civilization strategies: Evidence from Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou metropolitan circle, China