Abstract
PROCESS OFDIRECTDEMOCRACY, including the initiative, the referendum, and the recall, has played an important and controversial role in American city and state politics and government since early in the twentieth century.1 Los Angeles was one of the first cities, and California one of the first states to implement direct democracy, and both have used these mechanisms almost constantly and with increasing frequency throughout the twentieth century. With increasingly basic and general (sometimes draconian) measures being originated by voter groups in recent years, along with the professionalization of the whole process from signature-gathering through legal challenge and defense, direct democracy has become both a major enterprise and a significant problem.2
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