Abstract
The paper tries to determine the environmental amplitude as well as the optimal conditions for the vegetation of <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> in the agrocoenoses of the Roztocze National Park's buffer zone, as compared to other Polish regions. The analysis is based on certain habitat and anthropogenic factors. Based on the author's own research and the data quoted in the literature, it has been found that <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> occurs in the associations and communities of the Caucalidion and Aperion alliances accompanying cereal and rape crops as well as in the <i>Polygono-Chenopodion</i> and <i>Panico-Setarion</i> alliances accompanying root crops. Papaver rhoeas demonstrates a large environmental scale, as its presence has been noted in low- and highlands, in foothills, in river valleys as well as on slopes. Moreover, it teams up with various types of soils (of a wide range of acidity, moisture as well as trophic and thermal conditions) and complexes. <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> occurs most often and in the largest numbers in winter crops in the <i>Lathyro-Melandrietum</i> and <i>Caucalidio-Scandicetum</i> association which belongs to the <i>Caucalidion</i> alliance and in the <i>Consolido-Brometum</i>, <i>Vicietum tetraspermae papaveretosum</i> and <i>V. t. consolidetosum</i> association from the <i>Aperion</i> alliance. As far as root crops are considered, <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> shows up in the <i>Lamio-Veronicetum politae</i> association from the <i>Polygono- Chenopodion</i> alliance. It prefers chalky and Jurassic rendzinas containing CaCO<sub>3</sub> and other fertile loam and loess soils which belong to wheat complexes, with their pH ranging from slightly acid to alkaline (Eutric Vertisols, chernozem, brown soil, alluvial soil) and which are moderately moist, warm, medium-rich in nitrogen and with good soil biological activity. In the foothill areas, it dominates on alluvial soils in the river valleys; rarely has it been spotted on the slopes. <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> rarely occurs on the lightest sandy soils of the weak and very weak rye complexes and weak cereal-fodder complexes. The distribution of <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> reflects the soil conditions in a given area.
Highlights
Papaver rhoeas, red poppy, occurs in the warm and temperate parts of Europe, becoming less and less frequent when moving to the North of the continent (Markow, 1978)
The biggest number of relevés represented Vicietum tetraspermae, an association that dominated in cultivated fields of the Roztocze National Park (RNP) buffer zone on various soil types and of different granulometric composition, ranging from the lightest sands to dusts and loams
Most of the relevés represented the Lamio-Veronicetum politae association (Tab. 1) and only 2% Echinochloo-Setarietum which, like Vicietum tetraspermae, was the most widespread in the study area
Summary
Papaver rhoeas, red poppy, occurs in the warm and temperate parts of Europe, becoming less and less frequent when moving to the North of the continent (Markow , 1978). In Lubelszczyzna, E Poland, in winter crops the red poppy enters the phase of maturing and seed dispersal from the end of June to August, in spring cereals from the end of July to the end of August, and in root plant crops in September up to the second decade of October (Jędruszczak, 1993). It belongs to the most prolific and short-lived weeds (Pawłowski et al 1970) and it is included in the eighth ecological group of short-lived archeophytes commonly found on calcareous and other nutrient-rich and moderately moist soils (Hilbig et al 1962). It is a characteristic species for the Centauretalia cyani order and the Stellarietea mediae class (Matuszkiewicz, 2005)
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