The New Laws of Outer Space Ethics, Legislation and Governance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, by Ugo Pagallo (1st edition. Hart, Oxford. 2024)

Reviewed by: Kant on Laws by Eric Watkins Paul Guyer Eric Watkins. Kant on Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xv + 297. Cloth, $99.99. Kant on Laws is a collection of papers that Eric Watkins published from 1997 to 2018, "lightly rewritten," as he says, and accompanied with a new Introduction that states the general thesis that Kant has a univocal conception of law that applies to both laws of nature and the moral law. "Kant's most generic conception of law… includes two essential elements: (1) necessity and (2) the act of a spontaneous faculty whose legislative authority prescribes that necessity to a specific domain through an appropriate act" (2). These conditions are satisfied by both laws of nature and the moral law. They differ, however, in that laws of nature apply ultimately to objects that are given to us through intuition—appearances—while the moral law applies to actions that we are to perform as rational agents: theoretical laws are to tell us how nature is, the moral law tells us how nature ought to be. Thus, Watkins writes that Kant "recognizes that 'necessity' comes in different forms, depending on the kind of law at issue. Though 'necessity' might well mean 'determination' (in the sense of 'natural necessity') in the case of laws of nature, in the case of the moral law, it amounts to 'necessitation' or 'obligation' in the case of human beings" (2–3). That is, although no empirical objects have any choice about complying with the laws of nature, human beings do have the freedom to choose whether or not to conform to the moral law (in their choice of particular maxims), so the moral law obligates us without it being necessarily true that we will always, or ever, satisfy those obligations. The papers are grouped in five parts. The first part, "Kant's Concept of a Law," contains two papers, "What is, for Kant, a Law of Nature?" (2014) and "Kant on Transcendental Laws" (2007). The second part, "The Laws of Mechanics," begins with a paper on Kant's general principles of experience such as the universal law of causality (2010), and then contains three papers on Kant's more specific laws of physics: "The Argumentative Structure of Kant's Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science" (1998), "The Laws of Motion from Newton to Kant" (1997), and "Kant's Justification of the Laws of Mechanics" (1998). The second of these is of particular interest because it shows that Newton's three laws of motion were significantly revised by eighteenth-century German writers such as Wolff, Maupertuis, and Euler, and thus that Kant was by no means trying just to provide an a priori foundation for Newton's laws, but was also himself revising them. The third part of the book, "Teleological Laws," includes a 2008 paper on the "Antinomy of Teleological Judgment" in the Critique of the Power of Judgment (previously published only in German) and a 2014 paper on "Nature in General as a System of Ends," which discusses the third Critique's culminating attempt to unify the laws of nature and the laws of freedom or moral law. Part four, on "Laws as Regulative Principles," includes two papers, "Kant on Rational Cosmology" (2000) and "Kant on Infima Species" (2013), which provide a more detailed account of Kant's derivation of the regulative principles of homogeneity, specificity, and continuity, and of the "maxims" that nature allows no chance, "blind necessity," leaps, or gaps, than one usually finds. The final part, "The Moral Law," includes two recent papers, "Autonomy and the Legislation of Laws in the Prolegomena" (2018) and "Kant on the Natural, Moral, Human, and Divine Laws" (2013). The first of these suggests that Kant's conception of our autonomy in imposing theoretical law upon nature in the 1783 Prolegomena prepares the way for Kant's discovery of moral autonomy in the 1785 Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. The second argues that the Critique of Pure Reason argues for our theoretical "assent" to even if not "cognition" of the existence of God, while Kant's "moral theology" adds only moral predicates to our conception of God rather than Kant's sole...

<i>Kant on Laws</i>

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM IN CONTEXT. By Fiona Cownie and Anthony Bradney. [Butterworths. 1996. xxiii + 360 pp., £19.95 (paperback).] MAKING SENSE OF LAW FIRMS, Strategy, Structure & Ownership. By Stephen Mayson. [Blackstone Press Ltd. 1997. 1st edition, 566 pp., £39.50 (hardback).] WHY LAWYERS BEHAVE AS THEY DO. By Paul G. Haskell. [Westview Press. 1998. xiii + 120 pp., £12.50 (paperback).] CONVEYANCING LAW AND PRACTICE. By Michael HARWOOD. [Cavendish Publishing. 1996. 2nd edition, xxii + 534 pp., £19.95 (paperback).] DESIGNING PRINT MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE TEACHING AND LEARNING IN LAW. By Richard Johnstone and Gordon Joughin. [Cavendish Publishing Pty. Ltd., 1997. 1st edition, 93 pp., £19.95 (paperback).] CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES ON LAW REFORM. Edited by Paul R. Beaumont. [Paternoster Press. 1998. x + 154 pp., £14.99 (paperback).] CIVIL LIBERTIES. By Helen Fenwick. [Cavendish. 1998. 2nd edition, xliv + 661 pp., £21.95 (paperback).] CIVIL LIBERTIES. By Richard Stone. [Blackstone Press. 1997. 2nd edition, xxiv + 418 pp., £18.95 (paperback).] THE POLICE ACT 1997. By S. Uglow and V. Telford. [Jordans. 1997. 248pp., £22.50 (paperback).] TEXTBOOK ON ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. By Peter Leyland and Terry Woods. [Blackstones. 1997. 2nd edition, 462 pp., £18.95 (paperback).] ADMINISTRATIVE LAW FACING THE FUTURE: OLD CONSTRAINTS AND NEW HORIZONS. Edited by Peter Leyland and Terry Woods. [Blackstones. 1997.1st edition, 465 pp., £24.95 (paperback).] LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW IN SCOTLAND. By C. M. G. Himsworth. [T. and T. Clark. 1995. 195 pp., £27.50 (softback).] BALL AND BELL ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. By Stuart Bell. [Blackstone Press Ltd. 1997. 4th edition, 570 pp., £21.95 (paperback).] PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. By Susan Wolf and Anna White. [Cavendish Publishing Ltd. 1997. 2nd edition, 497 pp., £20.95 (paperback).] EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. By J. Scott. [Longman. 1998. 189 pp., £15.99 (softback).] Q & A ‘A’ LEVEL LAW. By T. Blakemore and B. Greene. [Blackstone. 1998. 227 pp., £8.95 (paperback).] CASES AND MATERIALS ON FAMILY LAW. By K. Standley. [Blackstone Press Ltd. 1997.1st edition, 466 pp., £23.95 (paperback).] PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY LAW. By S. M. Cretney and J. M. Masson. [Sweet & Maxwell Ltd. 1977. 6th edition, 994 pp., £28.99 (paperback).] FAMILY EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. By Nicola Wyld and Nancy Carlton. [Legal Action Group. 2nd edition, 413 pp., £28 (paperback).]. SAVING THE SITUATION: A HANDBOOK FOR MEN IN DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIPS. Julian Nettlefold (ed.) [Family Practice Press. 1996. 1st edition, 132 pp. £5.95 (paperback).] COMMUNITY CARE LAW REPORTS. [Legal Action Group. Published quarterly. First issue December 1997. Parts only £185, bound vol. £230.] LAW FOR SOCIAL WORKERS. By Hugh Brayne and Gerry Martin. [Blackstone Press Ltd. 1997. 5th edition, xxv + 435 pp., £15.95 (paperback).] LAW FOR SOCIAL WORKERS. By Stephen Hardy and Martin Hannibal. [Cavendish Publishing Ltd. 1997, 1st edition, xxvii + 392 pp., £14.95 (paperback).] SOCIAL WORK AND THE LAW. By Stuart Vernon. [Butterworths. 1998. 3rd edition, xxxix + 420 pp., £16.95 (paperback).] PRACTICAL BANKING and BUILDING SOCIETY LAW. Prof. Anu Arora. [Blackstone Press. 1997. 430 pp., £24.95 (paperback).] SOURCEBOOK ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW. By Tim Hillier. [Cavendish. 1998. 1st edition, 883 pp., £23.95 (paperback).] CASES AND MATERIALS ON THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY Sea. By Martin Dockray. [Cavendish Publishing Limited. 1998. 2nd edition, 574 pp., £34.95 (paperback).]

Regarding the legislative process of the Kamakura-Bakufu Government's Law, nothing more than the general explanation being legislated through the discussion of Hyojoshu is known.The purpose of this article is to clarify the concrete process of legislation of the Kamakura-Bakufu Government's Law. Firstly, this article takes notice of the Re-abolishment of Human Traffic executed from 1239 to 1240 (_??__??__??__??_-_??__??_).Consequently, this article presumed Tsuikaho (_??__??__??_) item 112 (contained in volume I of Chusei Hosei Siryoshu (_??__??__??__??__??__??__??_)) was the Mandokoro (_??__??_)'s draft and item 111 was Hyojokotogaki (_??__??__??__??_).Accordingly, the Mandokoro (_??__??_) was ordered to make draft of Reabolishment of Human Traffic by the Bakufu.Then this draft showed it was discussed and settled by Hyojo (_??__??_).And then this article clarified that this series of law contained in Chusei Hosei Siryoshu enacted as an attachment of Tokusei Rei (_??__??__??_) in 1297 (_??__??__??__??_) was the draft of Monchujo (_??__??__??_).And those laws shown to make draft was ordered by the Kamakura-Bakufu Government.Lastly, referring to Eninsannenki (_??__??__??__??__??_), this article examined the whole process from the beginning when an organ of the Kamakura-Bakufu Government was ordered to make draft by Tokuso (_??__??_) until the law was legislated.

In 1993, the Kentucky General Assembly enacted one of the most far-reaching legislative ethics laws in the country. In three short years, it was substantially weakened, and efforts to further limit the impact of the law have continued ever since. The Kentucky experience represents a case study on how ethics laws are enacted and the process that can lead to their modification and decline. It also raises fundamental questions about the nature of ethics laws and leads ultimately to basic structural questions about state legislatures.

BLACKSTONE'S STATUTES ON COMPANY LAW 1997–98. By Derek French. [Blackstone Press Ltd. 1997. 1st edition, 485 pp., £12.95 (paperback).] THE CAVENDISH GUIDE TO MOOTING. By John Snape and Gary Watt. [Cavendish Publishing Ltd. 1997. xxvii + 230 pp., £19.95 (paperback).] SOURCEBOOK ON FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE. By Hilaire Barnett. [Cavendish Publishing Ltd. 1997. xvii + 639 pp. (including index), £48.95 (paperback).] A BILL OF RIGHTS? By Michael Zander. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1997. 4th edition, xi + 179 pp., £9.95 (paperback).] HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION: THE EFFECTS OF THE CONVENTION ON THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND. By Brice Dickson (ed.) [Sweet & Maxwell. 1997. 1st edition, 256 pp., £21.50 (softback only).] BASIC COMMUNITY CASES. By Bernard Rudden and Diarmuid Rossa Phelan. [Oxford. 1997. 2nd edition, 360 pp., £14.99 (paperback).] FRENCH SUBSTANTIVE LAW, KEY ELEMENTS. By Christian Dadomo and Susan Farran. [Sweet & Maxwell. 1997. 2nd edition, 232 pp., £19.95.] A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW. By John Sharland. [Blackstone Press. 1997. 276 pp., £17.95 (paperback).] ENDURING POWERS OF ATTORNEY. By Stephen Cretney and Denzil Lush. [Jordans. 1996. 4th edition, xxvii + 213 pp., £32.50 (paperback).] THE JUSTICE GAME. By Geoffrey Robertson. [Chatto & Windus. 1998. xiv + 415 pp., £20 (hardback).]

From a purely factual standpoint the history of the natural law idea teaches one thing with the utmost clearness: the natural law is an imperishable possession of the human mind. In no period has it wholly died out . Heinrich A Rommen (1955, 215) The idea of a higher moral law that positive human law must not violate has a long and continuous history in both Western and Eastern thinking. It is found in Greek philosophy at least from the time of Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535–475 BC). It has a central place in Judeo-Christian doctrine as set out in the writings of Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and the Scholastics. It lived in the natural rights discourses of Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Pufendorf and others. In Vedic (Hindu) philosophy the moral law of governance is revealed in the Dharmasastra . In traditional Sinic culture, Confucian philosophy subordinated law to ethics. The religious Sharia is a powerful influence on the law of Islamic nations. In our age, basic human rights are posited as universal higher norms binding on nation states. In Western philosophy such higher moral law is commonly known as natural law. Natural law is so called because it is believed to exist independently of human will. It is ‘natural’ in the sense that it is not humanly created. Natural law theories are theories about the relation between the moral natural law and positive human law.

INTRODUCTION The previous chapter suggested that much international law activity takes place within states, before domestic courts or before domestic administrative agencies. International law may be made between states (and within international organizations), but is often given legal hands and feet through domestic law, either by direct incorporation, or through transformation in domestic law. In much the same way as international law and domestic law are interconnected, so too is international law inextricably tied to its normative and sociological environment. It can confidently be stated that there are close connections between international law, politics and ethics, and that international law and global governance stand in some relationship to each other. International law may have some autonomy vis-a-vis politics and ethics, but its autonomy is generally considered to be relative; it would be difficult to fully comprehend international law in isolation from both politics and ethics. This chapter aims to flesh out some of the interrelations at stake here, and in doing so takes up some themes already touched upon in Chapter 1 above.

This chapter examines the role of ethics in international maritime law and ocean governance. It first considers the general ethical flavour of international law, giving a few examples of moral standards in the law of the sea and maritime law, before discussing a range of issues relating to ocean governance. It suggests that the phrase ‘international maritime law’ should be understood broadly as inspired by the International Maritime Organization’s International Maritime Law Institute (IMO IMLI), thus including the law of the sea as part of public international law and the maritime law, also known as shipping, admiralty or marine law. The chapter goes on to outline actions aimed at conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. Finally, it offers recommendations on how to improve legal education with an obligatory course on legal ethics.

Your City Councilmember wants to connect with you. She wants to hear from you, speak to you, allow you to get to know her, and get to know you. She wants to learn your concerns and interests, and discuss policy, politics, and issues big and small. It’s fair to say that she wants to develop a relationship with you—one in which you share family photos, thoughts about movies and the weather, and, of course, your views on issues that will come before the City Council. In short, she wants to be friends. But some local governments say she can’t—at least not on Facebook. It turns out that there are friends, and there are “friends.” The use of online social networks by local public officials has drawn the ire of local governments, some of whom have gone so far as to bar public officials from social networks for fear of violating campaign finance, open meeting, freedom of information, and government ethics laws. These objections overlook the unique nature of civic social networks as an emerging political institution, characterized by a high degree of transparency and intense public pressure for accountability. The nature of this new institution renders the alarmist reaction overblown. Civic social networks are the new public square, and local governments should embrace them as consistent with the goals of open government and ethics laws.

Digitalization has profoundly changed and keeps changing the way people live, work and travel and has opened up unprecedented opportunities for tourism and hospitality firms to compete in global markets. Rapidly evolving multiplicity of technological novelties (e.g., robotics, artificial intelligence, Internet of things, blockchain and cryptocurrency) has influenced tourism and hospitality industries in all aspects of its operations. Digital innovations and technological novelties are changing the way work is organized and services delivered, and also presents opportunities to capture and process data and information on supply and demand, and integrate operations along value chains and business ecosystems. In line with the technological revolution, there is a dynamically increasing demand for unique, seamless tailor-made travel experience beyond mass tourism. Accordingly, tourism and hospitality firms have started leveraging technology to reinvent the customer experience through service innovations. Although digitalization has opened up unparalleled opportunities for tourism and hospitality firms of all sizes to reach new heights in profitability, successful digital transformation has been a great challenge for many firms. With a compilation of eleven chapters edited by the renowned contemporary tourism, hospitality and strategic management scholars, namely Kayhan Tajeddini, Vanessa Ratten and Thorsten Merkle, this book is a timely effort which critically analyzes various challenges tourism and hospitality industries face in coping up with digital transformation and how the two sectors have strategically responded to such challenges.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of the protection of the electoral rights of citizens in the election process until February 24, 2022, during the martial law on the territory of Ukraine and after the war period. Method. The methodological basis of the study is the philosophical and legal basis of knowledge of social phenomena, in particular those related to the protection and protection of the rights of individuals (citizens of Ukraine) in the election process. In particular, dialectical, systemic-structural, normative-logical, sociological, comparative-legal methods of cognition are applied. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is proposed to improve the norms of the electoral legislation of Ukraine. The results. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of election processes in terms of compliance with the principle of legal certainty, as one of the elements of the principle of the rule of law. The author's classification of the resolutions of the Central Election Commission, adopted during the period of martial law on the entire territory of Ukraine, is proposed. A scientific and practical analysis of the concept of "principle of legal certainty" was carried out. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in terms of disclosing the content of the principle of the rule of law and its effect in election legislation have been studied. It has been proven that the mechanism for ensuring electoral rights in the post-war period requires scientific discussion and legislative regulation. The practice of the Central Election Commission regarding the application of the principle of the rule of law in the protection of the electoral rights of citizens is highlighted. Scientific novelty. This is the first scientific study of the protection of electoral rights burdened by the effect of the legal regime of martial law on the territory of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further scientific articles, in the educational process, as well as by the subjects of the legislative initiative.

PurposeThe effectiveness of non-governmental organization (NGO) participation in the healthcare sector has been demonstrated globally. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the status of Iranian NGOs’ contribution to health policy-making, the barriers to and strategies for developing their contribution.Design/methodology/approachIn this qualitative study, 25 participants were recruited from health-related NGOs in Tabriz, Iran. Semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted. Furthermore, a set of relevant documents were collected and their contents evaluated. The text of documents and interviews were analyzed using a thematic (deductive–inductive) approach using NVivo software.FindingsMost NGO activity has been in the area of providing services, whereas the least amount of activity has been in the domain of policy-making. Factors that were influential for NGO participation in policy-making were divided into three categories: those related to government, to civil society and within NGOs themselves. The primary barriers to participation in policy-making were related to government and the way that NGOs operated. Recommendations include the production of supportive law, financial aid to NGO and infrastructure that facilitates NGO participation.Practical implicationsFinancial support from the government and legislation of supportive laws could help to realize the potential of NGOs.Originality/valueNo such research has been undertaken before to evaluate what activities health-related NGOs undertake, their contribution in health policy-making and obstacles and facilitators of this contribution. NGOs can play a key role in ensuring accountability, transparency and empower citizens to demand basic health services from government.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical problems of the current legislation at the local level in China. Taking into account the principle of the rule of law, local legislation has become the most important aspect in strengthening the capacity of local self-government and stimulating local development, which causes local legislation to follow the same values and goals as municipal government. This article explains the main theories underlying the practice of local legislation in China, explores the underlying problems in the current practice of local legislation, studies how the principle of "rule of law" is combined with local resources in China, and suggests ways to develop local legislation and strengthen the rule of law. Based on the theory of socialist legislation with Chinese specifics and taking into account current trends and the material and legal resources of local government in China, the article argues that the way to implement the rule of law in local legislation and governance lies through the awareness by local legislatures of a reasonable position of power, the boundary between law and freedom, as well as the balance between rights and responsibilities. These three aspects are the core of research on the awareness of the value of the subject of the rule of law.

This article analyses the implications of the internationalisation of capital markets, and the influx of Anglo-Saxon institutional investors, for the French model of capitalism. Its central contention is that the global convergence thesis misrepresents contemporary evolutions because it pays insufficient attention to mechanisms of change within models of capitalism. Secondly, framing analysis in terms of hybridisation and fragmentation of national models, rather than convergence, offers greater explanatory purchase over the French model, constitutes a more accurate characterisation, and helps avoid the ‘convergence or persistence’ impasse within models of capitalism analysis. In exploring French corporate governance, it emphasises the importance of specifying the role of institutional mechanisms as transmission belts of change as a precursor to an assessment of how far shifts in international political economic context bring about changes within French capitalism. Focusing on financial market regulation regime, new legislation in corporate governance and company law, and the market for corporate control as three key potential mechanisms of change, it finds that pre-existing norms and structures endure, mediating the nature of a national political economy's articulation with the international context. Hybridisation and recombination of capitalist institutions drawn from different models provide a far more persuasive account than convergence.