Abstract
The spread of investigations into soil types to all the Earth's climatic zones has made possible the clear recognition of the relationship between soils and climate and the whole geographical situation in general. These facts provided the foundations for the development of research fields in soil geography, whereby one must distinguish between climatic-zonal and intrazonal soils. The development of the latter, unlike that of the zonal soils, is the product of the effect of a particular relief factor (slope, depression etc.) and the influence of water and rock type. Climatic-zonal soils contain various newly formed and characteristic soil minerals according to the climatic belt; as, for example, certain clay minerals, free oxides of iron and aluminium, calcium carbonate etc.; therefore, there also exist relationships between pedology and mineralogy. Soil relics from the geological past often permit inferences to be made regarding prehistoric climates. Relationships between soil types and soil fertility often provide valuable evidence related to economic geography, as, for example, the possibility of cultivating particular cereals on individual soils.
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