The Morphometrical Characteristics of the Proximal Tibia in the Anatolian Population

Background: To investigate the morphometric characteristics of the lacrimal sac fossa in Anatolian population using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images in surgical aspect.Materials and Methods: A total of 77 cranial MDCT scans were evaluated. The dimensions of the maxillary and the lacrimal bones forming the lacrimal sac fossa were measured in 3 axial planes (up-per, middle, and lower planes).Results: The mean maximum thickness of the maxillary bone at the upper, middle and lower planes were: 3.58 mm, 4.27 mm, and 5.81 mm; the mean midpoint thickness at each plane were: 2.76 mm, 2.51 mm, and 1.48 mm; the mean lacrimal bone thickness at each plane were: 0.72 mm, 0.65 mm, and 0.66 mm; the mean distance between anterior and posterior lacrimal crests at each plane were: 5.96 mm, 8.1 mm, and 4.63 mm; the mean angle between the lacrimal bone and the sagittal plane in males and females at the middle plane were: 132.73° and 131.46°; the mean length of the lacrimal sac fossa in males and females were: 15.82 mm and 14.02 mm.Conclusions: In Anatolian population, bone thicknesses of the lacrimal sac fossa were higher in ma-les, while the angle between the lacrimal bone and the sagittal plane was higher in females. This study indicated that osteotomies, which are the main target of dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) inter-ventions, can be easily performed in the Anatolian population.

<br><b>Introduction:</b> Injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve can cause a hoarse or weak voice due to the functional loss (dysergia) of the cricothyroid muscle. Defining the anatomical variations of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and estimating their frequency are crucial for surgical interventions.</br> <br><b>Aim:</b> To reveal the topography of the external branch in the Anatolian population, to prevent injury of it during the surgical intervention in the anterior neck region.</br> <br><b>Material and methods:</b> 26 bilateral hemilarynges (4 females, 22 males) were dissected. The morphometric and morphological features of the external branch were examined. The obtained results were compared statistically, left and right.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> Landmarks such as the thyroid gland and laryngeal prominence were determined for the detection of the external branch. The variations of the course of the external branch and the points of piercing the cricothyroid muscle or inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle were evaluated.</br> <br><b>Discussion:</b> Although safe approaches have been described for nerve protection during neck surgeries, injuries may occur during preliminary surgery as the mentioned nerve is thinner and more superficial than other branches of the vagus nerve. However, it can be detected more easily and safely by knowing the defined anatomical landmarks and morphological variations of the external branch.</br> <br><b>Conclusion:</b> The anatomical variations described can be a safe and important guide in surgeries of the anterior neck region.</br&gt.

Amaç: Çalışmamızda Anadolu popülasyonuna ait talus ve calcaneusların morfometrik ölçümlerini yapıp, birlikte oluşturmuş oldukları articulatio subtalaris ve articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis’e katılan eklem yüzlerini sınıflandırarak antropometrik index oluşumuna katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Materyal-Metot: Anatomi Ana Bilim Dalı laboratuvarında mevcut olan kemiklerden, yaş ve cinsiyete bakılmaksızın toplamda 18 adet calcaneus ve 23 adet talus değerlendirildi. Calcaneus ve talus’a ait morfometrik ölçümler alındı. Ölçümlerde dijital kumpas kullanıldı. Talus ve calcaneus’un birbirleri ile olan eklem yüzleri Bunning ve Barnett’in yapmış olduğu tiplendirmeye göre A, B ve C tipleri ve bu tiplere ait alt tipler olmak üzere sınıflandırıldı.Bulgular: Calcaneus’un ortalama anteroposterior uzunluğu 75,49±6,00 mm; ortalama transvers genişliği 39,31±3,68 mm; ortalama Böhler açısı 29,23°±6,80°; ortalama sulcus calcanei genişliği 5,72±1,73 mm; ortalama sulcus calcanei uzunluğu 22,46±4,22 mm olarak ölçüldü. Talus’un ortalama anteroposterior uzunluğu 55,34±5,49 mm; ortalama transvers genişliği 41,22±3,84 mm; ortalama sulcus tali genişliği 6,09±1,51 mm; ortalama sulcus tali uzunluğu 21,95±3,20 mm olarak ölçüldü. Eklem yüzü tiplendirmesinde ise talus ve calcaneus’un eklem yüzlerinin büyük oranda Tip B olduğu belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: Talus ve calcaneus’un morfometrik ölçüleri ve birbirleri ile olan eklem yüzlerinin tipleri popülasyonlar arası farklılık göstermektedir. Çalışmamızda, bazı toplumlarla benzer şekilde talus ve calcaneus eklem yüzü tiplendirilmesinde Tip B yaygın olarak bulunmuş ve popülasyonlar arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Talus ve calcaneusa ait morfometrik özelliklerin ve popülasyonlar arası farklılıkların bilinmesi, bu eklemleri içeren birçok patolojinin tedavi yönteminin belirlenmesinde oldukça önemlidir.

The piriform aperture (PA) is the skeletal aperture located in the middle part of the face. There are many variations in morphometric measurements of nasal bones, piriform apertures and their shapes in different population. Objective of present study was to study morphological and morphometric features of nasal bone and piriform aperture. Adult human skulls available from collection of dried skulls were used for study purpose. Skull bones of unknown age and sex were obtained. Height, width of nasal bone, height, upper and lower width of piriform aperture, shapes of nasal bone and piriform aperture were observed. Height, upper width and lower width of piriform aperture were greater in male as compared to female. This difference was not statistically significant for upper width of piriform aperture (p=0.49) and for lower width of piriform aperture (p= 0.65) while the difference in height of piriform aperture was statistically significant. (p <0.0001).Differences in Height and width of nasal bone were not statistically significant among male and female nasal bones. Most common shape of nasal bone observed was Type A followed by Type B and C. Most common shape of piriform aperture was triangular to oval (50.00) in both the gender. Majority finding of the present study are in concordance with Indian population studies while significant differences have been noted in comparison to the morphometric measurements of Turkish, Korean, Brazilian and Anatolian population. These variations might be because of differences in ethnicity.

Automatic estimation of morphological characteristics of proximal tibia for precise plate treatment using model matching

1. The effects of 5 and 25 mg/kg boron supplementation of diets with inadequate (6·25 µg/kg) or adequate (50 µg/kg) cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) content on some biochemical parameters, tibia characteristics, peripheral blood lymphocyte and splenic plasma cell counts of broilers were investigated. 2. Supplementation of the diet with boron affected plasma concentrations of boron, iron, copper and zinc and also tibia boron, zinc and calcium concentrations but did not have any effect on tibia iron or copper concentrations or tibia ash and tibia weight values. 3. Boron supplementation caused significant increases in splenic plasma cell count but decreased the proximal and distal tibia growth plate widths. There was no effect of boron supplementation on peripheral blood alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) content. Whole blood haematocrit and haemoglobin counts were significantly increased by boron supplementation but there were no effects on leucocyte ratios such as eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and thrombocyte. 4. In general, the findings of the present study support the hypothesis that boron has an important biological role that affects the mineral metabolism of animals by influencing both biochemical and haematological mechanisms.

Finite Element (FE) models for the simulation of intact and implanted bone find their main purpose in accurately reproducing the associated mechanical behavior. FE models can be used for preclinical testing of joint replacement implants, where some biomechanical aspects are difficult, if not possible, to simulate and investigate in vitro. To predict mechanical failure or damage, the models should accurately predict stresses and strains. Commercially available synthetic femur models have been extensively used to validate finite element models, but despite the vast literature available on the characteristics of synthetic tibia, numerical and experimental validation of the intact and implant assemblies of tibia are very limited or lacking. In the current study, four FE models of synthetic tibia, intact and reconstructed, were compared against experimental bone strain data, and an overall agreement within 10% between experimental and FE strains was obtained. Finite element and experimental (strain gauge) models of intact and implanted synthetic tibia were validated based on the comparison of cortex bone strains. The study also includes the analysis carried out on standard tibial components with cemented and noncemented stems of the P.F.C Sigma Modular Knee System. The overall agreement within 10% previously established was achieved, indicating that FE models could be successfully validated. The obtained results include a statistical analysis where the root-mean-square-error values were always <10%. FE models can successfully reproduce bone strains under most relevant acting loads upon the condylar surface of the tibia. Moreover, FE models, once properly validated, can be used for preclinical testing of tibial knee replacement, including misalignment of the implants in the proximal tibia after surgery, simulation of long-term failure according to the damage accumulation failure scenario, and other related biomechanical aspects.

Introduction. Precise positioning of the tibial tunnel is crucial for successful anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. By correlating the ACL attachment area on the tibia with tibial plateau dimensions measured on two preoperative standard radiographs, it is possible to determine the optimal drilling angle preoperatively. Material and Methods. This study examined 32 tibial specimens with ACL attachments obtained during total knee arthroplasty. Anteroposterior and lateral preoperative radiographs were used to measure tibial plateau dimensions. A 3D scan of the ACL attachment area, performed with a Personal HAptic iNTerface Mechanism Omni device, provided two new measurements: the ACL attachment surface area (mm.) and its projection on the tibia (mm.). Results. The average anteroposterior and mediallateral diameters of the tibial plateau were 47.81 mm and 71.94 mm, respectively. The mean ACL attachment area was 142.4 mm., and the average projection area was 110.2 mm.. Multiple regression analysis demostrated statistically significant correlations between tibial plateau dimensions and the ACL attachment area. Mathematical-statistical procedures yielded formulas for predicting the attachment surface area (P = 7.585 x AP - 0.179 x ML - 207.319) and its projection (P = 3.466 x AP + 1.261 x ML - 146.218) based on measured anteroposterior and medial-lateral diameters of the tibial plateau. Conclusion. Standard radiographic measurements of the tibial plateau allow for accurate prediction of the ACL attachment area. Combined with drill bit diameter, these data support individualized determination of the tibial tunnel drilling angle, enhancing surgical precision in ACL reconstruction.

Morphological characteristics of the proximal tibia affect the orthopedic balance of the knee region. Such as the width of the condyles, tibial plateau angle, position of the patella; Intercondylar width is one of these features as well. The objectives of this study are to calculate the intercondylar width index of the tibia (ICWI) in dogs, to determine if there are gender-related differences in ICWI, and to compare the ICWI among the six breeds of dog. For these aims, the tibial bones of 84 dogs from 26 different breeds were used. The radiographs of tibias were taken, and the tibial plateau and intercondylar widths were measured. The intercondylar width index was calculated using the following formula: (intercondylar width/tibial plateau width) *100. The mean intercondylar width index of the dogs was 19.2±2.72. The index values of male and female dogs were 19.1±3.32 and 19.3±2.02, respectively. The significant differences in the index were not determined between male and female dogs, but the significant difference was determined among dogs’ breeds. The dogs in the high-risk breeds had significantly smaller eminence width index value than the dogs in the low-risk breeds related with the non-traumatic cranial cruciate ligament rupture. The results of this study suggested performing further clinical studies to evaluate whether the difference in intercondylar width index among breeds in dogs is associated with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.

Introduction: It is widely known that the production of knee prostheses is based on the morphometric parameters of the distal femur and proximal tibia. Although there have been studies on this subject in different populations in the literature, such a study has not been found in the Turkish population. It is aimed to establish an index and also compare it with previous results of different populations, in this study. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 200 patients (78 females, 122 males) aged between 18 and 65 years who had magnetic resonance imaging retrospectively. People with previous fractures, dislocations or ruptures, tears, or tensions in the anterior cruciate ligament, history of knee surgery, and trauma were excluded from the study. Various measurements were conducted on images of the distal femur and proximal tibia morphometry. Results: Mean values of the measurements made on the distal femur and proximal tibia were calculated, it was determined that all parameters were higher in males than females. A statistically significant difference was found between the sexes in all the parameters evaluated except for the intercondylar notch height parameter (P 0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, finally, intercondylar notch classification was done. According to this, in 46.5% of cases, notch type, which defined as type A and 53.5% of the notches were identified as U type. None of the cases was classified as W type. Studies in which normal morphometric data are presented due to differences in races between skeletal structures have crucial importance. Therefore, the data obtained from our study are thought to be useful to produce specific knee prostheses.

The talus and calcaneus are critical components of foot biomechanics, contributing to stability and movement. Despite their importance, data on their morphometric and articular characteristics in the Eastern Anatolian population are scarce. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the morphometry and facet configurations of talus and calcaneus from this region, highlighting their clinical and biomechanical significance. A total of 32 tali and 29 calcanei were analyzed using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and 3D reconstruction. Morphometric measurements, including lengths, widths, and facet areas, were performed, and articular facet types were classified based on established criteria. Comparative analyses were conducted with data from other populations. Significant side-specific variations were observed in lengths and sulcus dimensions. Type B was the most prevalent facet configuration in both talus and calcaneus, with unique patterns such as Type B3 emphasizing the anatomical distinctiveness of the Eastern Anatolian population. Comparisons with other populations revealed larger morphometric dimensions and distinct facet distributions, underscoring population-specific differences. This study provides valuable morphometric and facet classification data for talus and calcaneus in the Eastern Anatolian population. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of regional anatomical variations and have significant implications for clinical applications, forensic investigations, and prosthetic design.

Aim:This study aimed to morphometrically examine the posterior tibial curvature (PTC) on the sagittal plane in the proximal and distal tibia regions. Material and Method:Forty-eight (21 right, 27 left) dry tibia bones were used. Both linear and angular parameters were measured on Image J. Linear measurements:Tibiae were placed on a horizontal surface on their posterior face. Tibiae were photographed from the medial aspect. In the photographs, the distance between the proximal and distal contact points (proximal:C0P, distal:C0D) of the tibia with the horizontal plane was divided into eight equal parts by 7 (C1-C7) landmarks. From each landmark to the tibia, perpendiculars were drawn. The intersections of the perpendiculars with the posterior margin of the tibia were determined (C1’-C7’). The distances between corresponding landmarks were measured (H1-H7). The heights of the tibiae were also measured. Angular measurements:Lines were drawn between each landmark on the proximal tibia and the proximal contact point of the tibia (C0P) for A1 to A3.Similarly, lines were drawn between each landmark on the distal tibia and the distal contact point of the tibia (C0D) for A5 to A7. Angels between these lines and horizontal lines measured (A1-A7). Results:There were no statistically significant differences between right and left for all parameters. H1, H2 and H3 were statistically greater than the H7,H6 and H5, respectively. A1,A2 and A3 were statistically greater than the A7,A6 and A5, respectively. Sagittal distances and angles in the proximal region were observed to be higher than the distal region. Conclusion:Tibial morphometry is crucial for treating tibial fractures, planning regional surgeries, assessing surgical outcomes, and preventing complications.We hope that the method proposed in this study will be preferred for evaluating the morphometric characteristics of the posterior curvature of the tibia, particularly in the context of tibial biomechanics or personalized surgical planning.

This study is aimed to determine the prevalence and morphometric characteristics of the pterygospinous (Ps) and pterygoalar (Pa) bars using computed tomography (CT) images on an extensive study sample of the Anatolian population. The CT images of 700 patients (350 males, 350 females) were analyzed for morphological characteristics and Pa and Ps bars. Ps and Pa bars were classified as complete or incomplete (partial) depending on the degree of ossification. The complete Ps and Pa bars' anteroposterior diameter and craniocaudal diameter were measured. The closest distance between both bony prominences was measured in incomplete Ps and Pa bars. Sex-dependent statistical analysis of the data was performed by the SPSS package program (version 25.0). The prevalence of Ps was 6.57%, and unilateral incomplete Ps was the most frequent Ps type at 5%. The prevalence of Pa was 16.28%, and unilateral incomplete Pa was the most common Pa type at 6.71%. The prevalence of unilateral Ps, unilateral, and bilateral Pa was more common in males (P = .014, P = .006, and P = .032, respectively). Although Ps were less frequently encountered, both anatomic variations were relatively common within the population. The prevalence and morphometric characteristics of Ps and Pa bars obtained in this study could serve as guiding insights for the practices of surgeons, anesthesiologists, dentists, and radiologists.

The incidence of anteroposterior overhang of the tibial component after TKA and its effect on clinical outcome were investigated, and the morphometric characteristics of the knees in which tibial baseplates were oversized were identified. One hundred and fourteen consecutive TKAs were retrospectively assessed. The dimensions of the tibia were measured on a pre-operative CT scan and were compared with those of the implanted tibial component. We analysed the effect of anteroposterior and mediolateral size variations on clinical outcomes 1year after surgery. An anteroposterior overhang was observed in 87% of cases on the lateral plateau, in 88% on the central plateau and in 25% on the medial tibial plateau. The mean post-pre-operative size differences were 3.2±2.7, 2.8±2.7 and -1.6±2.3mm, respectively. (Positive value means oversizing). A mediolateral overhang of the tibial component was found in 61% of the patients. Oversizing was significantly greater and more frequent in females. Patients oversized in the anteroposterior dimension had lower post-operative pain scores. Patients with mediolateral oversizing had decreased flexion 1year after surgery. Anteroposterior oversizing was observed more frequently in patients with asymmetric tibial plateaus, while mediolateral oversizing was observed more frequently in patients with small tibias. This study demonstrates that the incidence of oversized tibial plateau components is surprisingly high and that functional outcomes are lower in the case of mediolateral or anteroposterior oversizing. The risk of oversizing could be predicted as it occurs predominantly in patients with asymmetric proximal tibia and/or small tibia. IV.