Abstract
BackgroundTransrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is considered an essential urological procedure for the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is, however, considered a “contaminated” procedure which may lead to infectious complications. Recent studies suggest a significant share of fluoroquinolone-resistant rectal flora in post-biopsy infections.MethodsThe molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance, including PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) as well as mutation in the QRDRs (quinolone-resistance determining regions) of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE, among Enterobacterales isolated from 32 of 48 men undergoing a prostate biopsy between November 2015 and April 2016 were investigated. Before the TRUS-Bx procedure, all the patients received an oral antibiotic containing fluoroquinolones.ResultsIn total, 41 Enterobacterales isolates were obtained from rectal swabs. The MIC of ciprofloxacin and the presence of common PMQR determinants were investigated in all the isolates. Nine (21.9%) isolates carried PMQR with qnrS as the only PMQR agent detected. DNA sequencing of the QRDRs in 18 Enterobacterales (E. coli n = 17 and E. cloacae n = 1) isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 0.25 mg/l were performed. Substitutions in the following codons were found: GyrA—83 [Ser → Leu, Phe] and 87 [Asp → Asn]; GyrB codon—605 [Met → Leu], ParC codons—80 [Ser → Ile, Arg] and 84 [Glu → Gly, Met, Val, Lys], ParE codons—458 [Ser → Ala], 461 [Glu → Ala] and 512 [Ala → Thr]. Six isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 2 mg/l had at least one mutation in GyrA together with qnrS.ConclusionsThis study provides information on the common presence of PMQRs among Enterobacterales isolates with ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 0.25 mg/l, obtained from men undergoing TRUS-Bx. This fact may partially explain why some men develop post-TRUS-Bx infections despite ciprofloxacin prophylaxis.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent and frequently diagnosed cancer in men in industrialized countries and is currently one of the most important health concerns [1, 2]
It is considered that pre-biopsy antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective in reducing post-Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) infections [7, 8] and clinical guidelines recommended antibiotic prophylaxis administered before the procedure as a standard of care to protect against bacterial complications [9,10,11]
Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (13/38 E. coli and 1/2 E. cloacae) with Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 0.5 mg/l according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria were detected in 14 (29.2%) out of 48 TRUS-Bx patients (Table 2)
Summary
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent and frequently diagnosed cancer in men in industrialized countries and is currently one of the most important health concerns [1, 2]. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is a primary procedure to verify a prostate cancer diagnosis, frequently performed in urology [3]. TRUS-Bx is considered a “contaminated” procedure that may trigger infectious complications including urinary tract infection, acute bacterial prostatitis, epididymitis, orchitis and, most importantly, sepsis [3,4,5,6]. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) is considered an essential urological procedure for the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is, considered a “contaminated” procedure which may lead to infectious complications. Recent studies suggest a significant share of fluoroquinolone-resistant rectal flora in post-biopsy infections
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