Abstract
Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, first identified and isolated genetically in the house fly, poses a threat to the continued effectiveness of these insecticides against many pest species. Knockdown resistance is linked genetically to a voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene sequence (Vsscl) in the house fly that is orthologous to the para sodium channel gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Sequence analysis of Vsscl alleles from susceptible and resistant fly populations has consistently identified two point mutations that are associated with the kdr (knockdown resistance) and super-kdr traits. Functional expression of wildtype and specifically mutated sodium channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes has elucidated the effects of resistance-associated mutations on sodium channel function and sensitivity to pyrethroids and has confirmed that these two point mutations are the cause of the kdr and super-kdr traits.
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