The modern Korean language is changing in a number of directions and is actively replenished with new lexical units, among which a significant role is played by abbreviations - complex words formed with the help of morphological reduction, combination and contamination, including borrowed morphemes. These units are formed by means of morphological compression, abbreviation and combination, which contributes to the

Word formation is a system of rules that can produce new words based on existing lexical items. Word formation strategies are employed by languages to develop their terminology or vocabulary. Although earlier studies have been conducted on Northern Sotho plants, such as reduplication of plant names and traditional medicine uses and methods used to process medicinal plants, the strategies used in the formation of plant names have not been the subject of in-depth study. The present study aims to analyse word formation strategies used in formulating plant names in Northern Sotho. Word formation strategies, such as affixation, compounding, reduplication and semantic extension, are investigated. The research framework is based on the cultural keystone species ethnobotanic theory underpinned by the nomenclature principle used to classify plant names. Plant names data were collected from existing sources, including scholarly books, dissertations, articles and theses, and the data were analysed using a qualitative method. In this study, the researcher found different types of word formation strategies used in forming plant names in Northern Sotho. This study recommends that further study be conducted on word formation techniques used in the naming of plants in Northern Sotho, especially on the relationship between their morphological and semantic structures. Contribution: The study fills the knowledge gap in the significance of word formation techniques applied to plant names in Northern Sotho. In Northern Sotho plant names in particular, word formation strategies have received relatively little attention. Therefore, to improve Northern Sotho terminology, the study identifies various word formation techniques that need to be examined. The study will give linguists insight into the various word construction techniques that are applied to plant names. Documenting the formation of the plant names contributes to the preservation of linguistic and cultural knowledge for future generations.

The article presents the analysis of dynamic processes in the word formation of adjectives on examples of new forms taken from the texts of mass media and Internet communication. The article considers the ways of word formation and word-formation models, by which potential and occasional adjectives are formed. The new forms reflect both general tendencies in the development of Russian word formation and specific tendencies peculiar to adjectives. The general tendencies include: 1) democratization of the language, manifested in a large number of colloquial words; 2) internationalization of the lexicon, which is manifested in the word-forming activity of foreign-language stems and foreign-language prefixes; 3) economy of linguistic means, i.e. the consolidation of syntactic units into derivative adjectives. The specific phenomena of adjectival word-formation include: the predominance of relative adjectives formed from nouns, the efficiency of wordformation, the substantiation of adjectives.

The article is focused on the analysis of structural-semantic features of buzzwords and relating to them problem of interlingual lacunarity in two kinds of professional discourse – business and political-legal discourse. Buzzwords are understood as a special category of lexical units which emerge die to the need of nominating new culture-specific elements, tendencies and trends, as well as attaching novelty to existing in the language phenomena. The study relevance is stipulated by the common understanding that buzzwords represent the newest layer of modern English vocabulary reflecting the most recent changes currently happening in the English language under the influence of modern socio-political processes. The authors draw attention to a close relation between buzzwords and interlingual lacunarity as buzzwords do not have laconic variants of translation, thus demanding the use of various techniques of direct translation such as borrowing, calque and literal translation. Special emphasis is put on some word formation models, according to which many buzzwords are formed. Such word formation methods include affixation, abbreviation, blending and metaphoric transfer. Having considered the results of the research, the authors come to conclusion that different word formation models prevail in different kinds of discourse, as well as different direct translation techniques can be applied to translate them from English into Russian. For political-legal discourse more widespread word formation models include affixation, abbreviation and metaphoric transfer, whereas in business discourse, alongside with abbreviation, blending is also widely used. The most common translation technique is literal translation, sometimes together with other methods. For instance, while translating buzzwords belonging to political-legal sphere, in particular, those formed by affixation using the suffix -ism and the prefix post-, it is possible to provide borrowing as the translation of the new word. Nevertheless, further such borrowed lexical unit will demand additional explanation which is usually represented by the literal translation of its definition. Lack of equivalents of buzzwords in lexicographic sources in Russian proves the fact that they belong to the category of interlingual lexical gaps.

The article discusses ways of replenishing and changing the English language vocabulary that are relevant for the modern period of its development. The purpose of this study is to identify, describe and classify the most productive types of word formation in the lexical system of the English language at the present stage. The study of the most noticeable lexical transformations, which significantly intensified after the year 2020 under the influence of a number of extralinguistic factors, is carried out on the basis of frequently used vocabulary, the popularity of which was recognized and recorded by authoritative British, American and Australian dictionaries, and also by the analytical agency The Global Language Monitor, and the non-profit scientific organization The American Dialect Society. In the context of the ongoing research, the greatest interest is in neologisms that quickly gained popularity and became part of the English language, in particular those that were recognized as Words of the Year in 2022 and 2023. During the study, a classification of selected neologisms was compiled in accordance with the methods of word formation, a count of new lexical units in each group was carried out, the percentage and share of each type of word formation was determined, and the most productive ways of replenishing the word stock of the English language in the specified time period were identified (new combinations of words, semantic derivation, compounding and blending, affixation, respelling, partial reduplication, abbreviation and acronymization, borrowings). Besides, some word formation models, which can be considered interesting from a linguistic point of view, are described. The results of the proposed analysis may be useful for further study of evolutionary trends in the lexical system of the English language.

The present study investigates word formation processes and strategies in monolingual and bilingual children by age 7 to 8. Using an elicitation task in form of naming of low frequent complex objects, it is analyzed whether bilingual children use other word formation strategies than monolinguals do. Therefore, N=9 monolinguals and N=9 bilinguals were tested. N=268 elicited reactions were analyzed. Results show bilinguals to use the same word formation strategies to the same extent as monolinguals do. Compounding overweighs derivation in each child. However, a more in-depth qualitative analysis shows that the complex compounds formed by bilingual children disregard the German composition rule of right-hand heads to a significantly higher extent than the monolingual children do. Since this acquisition process has been reported for German monolingual 2-year old children, this result is interpreted as a delayed acquisition process rather than a transfer from the respective first language. Dieser Beitrag ist ursprünglich im Peter-Lang-Verlag erschienen (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/plg/jwf/2021/00000005/00000002/art00001)

The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative study of the structural and semantic slang features in German and English. Slang used by young people in speech reflects changes taking place in the world around them. Youth slang contains a unique vocabulary with specific properties, a variety of phrases. It is interesting to consider the common features and differences in the ways of replenishment and the meaning of slang units in different languages – German and English. The subject of the study is the structural and semantic features of slang in German and English. The research material consisted of 100 German slang units taken from the texts of German–language media – Deutsche Welle, Der Spiegel, Stuttgart Nachrichten and 100 English slang units from the texts of English-language media - The Guardian, Daily Mail, Times Live. The work uses the continuous sampling method, comparative linguistic analysis of slang units, quantitative data processing methods. The scientific novelty of the study consists in a multidimensional description of German- and English-speaking units of youth slang, isolated from modern sources for the period from 2018 to 2023, and in their comprehensive comparison. The results of the study show that youth slang, in general, reflects the general trends in language development. Indeed, word-formation models are the most productive way to replenish slang in both languages. At the same time, the most productive way to form German slang is to combine various word-formation models and borrowings, primarily from English. The semantic analysis data shows slight differences in the compared languages, which allows us to conclude that German- and English-speaking youth are interested in the same spheres of life. This comparative study provides an opportunity to study youth slang in sufficient detail, its formation trends and usage in German and English.

Lexical neologisms, or neologisms, play an important role in developing the English language, reflecting dynamic changes in society, culture, technology, and politics. This article analyzes the main reasons for the emergence of new lexical units in the English language, their classification, and their impact on modern culture. Among the main reasons for the emergence of neologisms, technological progress, socio-cultural changes, globalization and innovations in communication stand out. The article examines the main methods of neologism formation, particularly composition, affixation, contraction, acronym, and rethinking of meanings. Special attention is paid to technological neologisms that have become integral to professional and everyday speech. Words such as "blockchain", "cryptocurrency" and "Metaverse" illustrate how innovations affect the development of vocabulary. In addition, household neologisms that arise in response to modern social trends and cultural phenomena, such as "selfie", "binge-watch" and "dad joke", are studied. The article also highlights the main challenges associated with studying and integrating neologisms into educational materials and dictionaries. Analyzing the prospects for the development of lexical neologisms, the authors predict a further increase in their number due to the development of artificial intelligence, the impact of intercultural communication, and the spread of virtual realities. The conclusions emphasize the importance of studying neologisms for understanding the linguistic and sociocultural processes that shape modern English.

Interlinguale Phraseologie: Theorie, Praxis und Perspektiven

The article considers the main problems of neology in computer and Internet space, analyzes the factors of emerging the new words and the correlation of their appearance with the pragmatic needs of society as a whole and a specific professional group in particular. We have tried to present the main nominative types and models of neologisms over the past 25 years. Changes in the active human experience lead to the emergence of new and expansion of old fragments of the terms of computer technology for mobile and Internet communications. The range of neologisms in medicine related to remote treatment, computer diagnostics and surgery is expanding. New words appear in the language at a rapid pace, going through all stages of socialization and lexicalization, gradually and finally consolidating in society and dictionaries. The following conclusions are made in the work: world computerization has become a determining factor in the creation of neologisms; One of the main centers of generating and attracting neologisms is the computer technology, mobile and Internet communications as the fastest growing in our time; the lexical system of the English language is flexible and able to adapt to the constant emergence of new concepts and the need for their lexical fixation. There are different ways to classify neologisms and define the very concept of neologism. New words, which have not been known so far, are actively used especially by the younger generation of the planet. Every year the development of Internet technologies accelerates, becomes more intensive and diversified, which leads to the rapid formation and assimilation of neologisms not only in this area, but also in everyday use by native speakers of both languages – English and Ukrainian. Neologisms can be grouped in the form of word-formation models, the nominative potential of which is far from heterogeneous. The most intensively replenished with new vocabulary are those areas that are most important for human activity in this period. In other words, the formation of new words depends on the real state of extralinguistic reality. The study of linguistic material gives grounds to assert that neologisms of this period are represented not only by models of word formation, affixation and conversion as the most common ways of word formation. Various abbreviations (clippings, truncations, telescopies, abbreviations, acronyms, conversions) are increasingly active ways of producing English neologisms. A prominent place among the innovations of this period is occupied by numerous formations that arose on the basis of semantic and phraseological derivation. For the first time we proposed a comprehensive approach to the analysis of ways to expand the neological base which has allowed to get a holistic view of a set of new language resources involved in the formation of adequate conceptual and neological pictures of the world inherent in modern English speakers. In the vast majority of cases, the nomination or verbalization of new phenomena and objects in the first place there is word formation. The work helps to consider in detail the neologization as a stable means of replenishing the vocabulary, but there are still many relevant issues that require further study.

The article is devoted to the problem of word formation incorporation in the Russian language. Incorporation is understood as the merger of two or more words into one morphological whole without the participation of word-forming formants, in which the value of the derivative is transformed in relation to the values of the original words. The derivatives of incorporation are called incorporation complexes. Components of incorporated complexes are classified as quasi-morphemes, which are special elements that do not correspond to the classical notion of lexical or word-forming units. A review of scientific papers on incorporation in the languages of the world demonstrates different approaches to this phenomenon and terminological differences in its definition. Incorporation has been a subject of study for more than a century as an essential characteristic of polysynthetic and analytical languages. In relation to inflectional Russian, this phenomenon has not been systematically described, which determines the relevance of the study and its analysis in this article. This linguistic phenomenon in the Russian language is relatively recent and, of course, requires scientific evaluation. The authors set a goal to determine the boundaries of word-formation incorporation in the Russian language and its differences from similar derivational models. The article considers the incorporation on the basis of the Russian commercial name. The material is collected by the method of continuous sampling from Internet sites. Incoporation complexes are selected among commercial names or ergonyms, which are signs of grocery stores, restaurants, cafes and other commercial establishments. As a result of the research, the classification of ergonyms formed according to the incorporated word-formation model in the modern Russian language is developed. The study is of great interest, as it offers an analysis of the trend actively developing in inflectional Russian. The method of contrastive analysis is used to compare similar examples from modern English. Lexical units from the English language have become the object of study, as the models of word formation of the English language are borrowed together with words. A significant group of examples of Russian ergonyms with borrowed components, among which English-language segments predominate, is also highlighted. The presence of incorporation in the Russian language, in particular, in commercial naming is considered as proof of the universality of certain linguistic phenomena in word formation.

Abstraсt. The study is devoted to the identification of English loan words in the youth slang inherent in the generation of millennials - young people between the age of 14 and 35 who were born on the turn of the millennium. There are many scientific works studying the phenomenon of youth slang, defining its boundaries, functions, and describing criteria. The most topical ones focus on the youth slang of the 2010s. There are studies of the issue of the English borrowing and English influence in modern Russian. However, the impact of English on the slang of modern youth is still understudied. We presume that the rapid increase in borrowings in this area requires close attention and scientific analysis. Millennial slang is represented in numerous humorous Internet publications, but unlike the slang of the previous generation, it is not properly described. The purpose of our paper is to identify new English borrowings, to highlight their lexical and grammatical characteristics as compared to those of previous years. The relevance of this work is due to the attention to the slang of todays youth in the aspect of globalization processes. The study used methods of reviewing the works of linguists, the analysis of Internet publications and dictionary data, interviewing of informants, and diachronic comparison. As a result of the analysis of the collected material, an increase in the number of Anglicisms was shown in comparison with the 2010s, and some features of the formation of lexical meanings and grammaticalization of new lexical units were revealed. Youth slang is a reflection of modern social phenomena, and its study is of interest not only for linguists but also for culturologists, sociologists, and psychologists.

In this article the features of Business English discourse thesaurus have been analyzed. Knowledge of institutional Business English discourse, which is a sign of translators� activity, is one of the mandatory qualification characteristics of the translator�s language personality in general and the interpreter in particular. Taking into account the specifics of the translator�s professional activity, the peculiarities of Business English discourse thesaurus, including words in their direct nominative meaning, and words with terminological meaning, are determined as well as the features of word-forming model (affixation, word-formation, conversion, reduction, synonymy), frequently used phraseological units that carry certain information about national peculiarities of the worldview of native speakers; metaphorical units and emphatic constructions. Based on the continuous sampling method (to identify lexical units of institutional Business English discourse for further analysis), the method of dictionary definitions (to study the semantics of lexical units), contrastive method (to establish common and distinctive features for translation) and descriptive method (to identify and systematization of features and difficulties of translation of lexical units of Business English discourse) the features of functioning of Business English discourse thesaurus are analyzed. The peculiarities of business discourse include stability and standardization due to the scope of its application between people, institutions and states. Since business discourse is characterized by strict accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality, the choice of language means for it will be determined by the same features, because in the business style, the content should exclude ambiguity and the possibility of ambiguity. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, business discourse in general is characterized by a number of common features, in particular: brevity, compactness of presentation, economical use of language; standard arrangement of material, often mandatory to use the inherent cliches of this style; extensive use of terminology, nomenclature names, the presence of a special layer of vocabulary and phraseology, the introduction of complex words and abbreviations. One main characteristic feature of the lexical composition of business discourse are terms. In addition to terms, there are common and special kinds of vocabulary (words and phrases that do not have the property of the term to identify concepts and objects in a particular field, but used exclusively in this field of communication) at the lexical level in each of the types of institutional Business English discourse. Special vocabulary can include both word-derived words and a number of commonly used words that function in the fixed phrases, thus being considered specialized. Another feature of Business English discourse, manifested at the morphological level, is the wordformation model of business language based on business terminology, which reveals four main ways of morphological word formation: affixation, word formation, conversion, abbreviations (lexical and graphic) and synonymy as a semantic phenomenon. Business English discourse, both oral and written, is characterized by a fairly high degree of idiomaticity, which really is a difficulty for translators working in the foreign economic field. Linguistic material of modern Business English discourse, which distinguishes it from other types of discourses, are precedent metaphors (precedent names, precedent utterances, precedent texts, precedent phenomena). They add a lively and figurative character to the business language, not depriving business discourse of accuracy, but increasing its pragmatic influence, due to their authenticity and high associative potential. In Business English oral discourse emphatic constructions (emphasis often occurs in the form of an inversion or emphatic construction with the previous It) are widely used to emphasize and give an emotionally expressive character to the utterance. Inversion can be conveyed syntactically (sentence reconstruction) and lexically (using various reinforcing words, such as �only�, �very�, �enough�, �too much�), grammatical constructions with It, which stands at the beginning of the sentence, constructions with the so-called Condensed Relative with the relative pronoun what in contracted subject or additional sentences. The most common cases are the presence in sentences of negative emphatic constructions with �no� before nouns. It is established that the success of each specific situation of intercultural business communication directly depends on the translator�s ability to correctly interpret the meaning of expression in the process of his professional activity.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to explore new ways ¬of creating neologisms in the conceptual sphere of the “Russian-Ukrainian war”, find out their word-forming models, since in recent years words and phrases related to the military spheres have become part of everyday speech of Ukrainians. The purpose of the study was to identify and characterise productive affixal models of the creation of neologisms from the period of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the Ukrainian language. To achieve the research goal, the following methods were used: analysis of linguistic literature and generalisation (to highlight the theoretical foundations of lexicology, neology, word formation); comprehensive assessment of online publications (to select resources that represent the neo-lexicon of the period of the Russian-Ukrainian war); continuous sampling (to select neologisms); structural and semantic analysis (to determine word-forming models of derivatives of the specified period). For the creation of neologisms of the period of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the following affixal models are productive: word-forming models with a suffix formant; word-forming model with a prefix formant; word-forming models with a prefix and suffix formant (confix). The most common is the suffix word-forming model of the words “noun + word-forming suffixes -y-, uva- (-yva-) + form-forming suffix -ty = verb”. The group of nouns for persons, concepts, phenomena, and objects was actively expanded with neologisms by suffixing them, reflecting the interaction of external and internal factors of speech development. The analysis of neologisms created based on word-forming models with prefix and suffix formants indicates a significant number of verbal neologisms derived mainly from the names of weapons with the simultaneous use of specific affixes. The neologisms under study are marked by heterogeneous distribution, some of which may soon be codified in dictionaries. Practical significance is conditioned by the possibility of applying the results obtained in training courses on lexicology, neology of the Ukrainian language, for compiling dictionaries of neologisms

The purpose of the article is the names analysis of objects of various types of activity, formed from different parts of speech. The object of study is: numerous Ukrainian ergonyms, including the names of objects of various spheres of public life: production, trade, services and entertainment. The subject of research is: grammatical features of ergonyms of different regions of Ukraine, recorded during the past two decades. Finding of this study: the article discusses the names of objects of human activity, formed from different parts of speech and recorded over the past two decades on the territory of Ukraine. Attention is paid to the frequency of their use. An attempt to analyze the grammatical features of the word-formation models used in the names of various objects of human activity has been made. According to belonging to certain parts of speech, all the names are conventionally divided into twenty numerous groups, some separate constructions are also highlighted. The noun is marked as a supporting component in numerous subgroups. Attention to the use of other parts of speech in the process of names creation is paid. Practical application is possible in use of the article materials in teaching of special courses on onomastics. Conclusions: the process of updating the vocabulary in the language occurs through the formation of new lexical units using a wide range of language methods and means. According to the grammatical structure, ergonyms can be represented by the following main parts of speech: noun and word combinations with it, noun + noun, word combinations with a noun, which are connected by a conjunction or a preposition, adjective phrases, word combinations with pronouns and imperative verbs, quantitative and ordinal numbers. Also for the ergonyms formation interjections and onomatopoeia are used. Ergonyms can also be represented by characters, both in the form of numbers, and in combination with verbal components. Further study of the structural types of ergonyms is supposed in a comparative analysis of the names of different regions of Ukraine, as well as in comparing the grammatical structure of Ukrainian ergonyms with the structure of ergonyms of other countries.

This paper discusses youth slang in the English language. The subject of the study is a number of difficulties in adapting and translating youth slang into Russian. The research material was based on slang units from the film «8 Mile», which are most often found on the Internet. For a complete analysis and understanding of the phenomenon being studied our own definition of the concept of «slang» is presented and the main difficulties of translation are highlighted. The functions of youth slang are regulated by standards. They, unlike a literary language, do not have a written encoding and live in the minds of native speakers. For a comprehensive and detailed description theoretical research methods and a comparison method were used. The selection of material was carried out using the continuous sampling method. This article aims to show different definitions of slang, an attempt is made to give our own definition of the concept of slang and to highlight the main problems that can mislead a novice translator when translating such lexical units. The novelty and significance of this paper are due to the complexity of the correct transmission of American youth slang, which is one of the most interesting language systems of modern linguistics. The following works that formed the basis of this scientific research should be mentioned. The theoretical basis of this article is the research of E. Partridge, I. R. Galperin, V. A. Khomyakov, I. V. Arnold. They managed to find a theoretical basis for the concept of slang. In the practical part, methods for describing slang units were used: comparative analysis, generalization, induction, continuous sampling. The research material was based on slang units from the Curtis Hanson film «8 Mile» with Eminem in the title role.