Abstract
Bilateral animals are featured by an extremely compact mitochondrial (mt) genome with 37 genes on a single circular chromosome. To date, the complete mt genome has only been determined for four species of Liposcelis, a genus with economic importance, including L. entomophila, L. decolor, L. bostrychophila, and L. paeta. They belong to A, B, or D group of Liposcelis, respectively. Unlike most bilateral animals, L. bostrychophila, L. entomophila and L. paeta have a bitipartite mt genome with genes on two chromosomes. However, the mt genome of L. decolor has the typical mt chromosome of bilateral animals. Here, we sequenced the mt genome of L. sculptilis, and identified 35 genes, which were on a single chromosome. The mt genome fragmentation is not shared by the D group of Liposcelis and the single chromosome of L. sculptilis differed from those of booklice known in gene content and gene arrangement. We inferred that different evolutionary patterns and rate existed in Liposcelis. Further, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of 21 psocodean taxa with phylogenetic analyses, which suggested that Liposcelididae and Phthiraptera have evolved 134 Ma and the sucking lice diversified in the Late Cretaceous.
Highlights
During the last two decades, the booklice of the genus Liposcelis have emerged as serious pests of stored commodities worldwide[1]
We found 35 of the 37 genes typically for bilateral animals in L. sculptilis mt genome, and it contains 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes and 21 tRNA genes
In D group of Liposcelis, we found that L. bostrychophila, L. paeta and L. sculptilis shared two gene blocks: atp8-atp[6], cox3-cox[1] (Fig. 4)
Summary
During the last two decades, the booklice of the genus Liposcelis have emerged as serious pests of stored commodities worldwide[1]. Sequencing the mt genomes of distorter and normal individuals proved to be quite a surprise Were they incredibly divergent, they had radically different gene order and genome structure. Both distorter and normal individuals had multipartite mt genomes, consisting of at least five and seven minicircles, respectively[9]. Because the fossil record for lice is poor[13], there was only few studies that attempted to the evolutionary history among Psocodea suborders and among Anoplura families[14,15] They only used the portion of the cox1, 18S and EF-1 gene sequences to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history[14,15]. This study is the first attempt to use mt genome to elucidate the evolutionary history of this unique group
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