The Missing Voice of the berserkir: Positing New Information for the Etymological Evidential Category

A common finding is that information order influences belief revision (e.g., Hogarth & Einhorn, 1992). We tested personal experience as a possible mitigator. In three experiments participants experienced the probabilistic relationship between pieces of information and object category through a series of trials where they assigned objects (planes) into one of two possible categories (hostile or commercial), given two sequentially presented pieces of probabilistic information (route and ID), and then they had to indicate their belief about the object category before feedback. The results generally confirm the predictions from the Hogarth and Einhorn model. Participants showed a recency effect in their belief revision. Extending previous model evaluations the results indicate that the model predictions also hold for classification decisions, and for pieces of information that vary in their diagnostic values. Personal experience does not appear to prevent order effects in classification decisions based on sequentially presented pieces of information and in belief revision.

An agent needs to determine a belief over potential outcomes for a new problem based on past observations gathered in her database (memory). There is a rich literature in cognitive science showing that human minds process and order information in categories, rather than piece by piece. We assume that agents are naturally equipped (by evolution) with a efficient heuristic intuition how to categorize. Depending on how available categorized information is activated and processed, we axiomatize two different versions of belief formation relying on categorizations. In one approach an agent relies only on the estimates induced by the single pieces of information contained in so called target categories that are activated by the problem for which a belief is asked for. Another approach forms a prototype based belief by averaging over all category-based estimates (so called prototypical estimates) corresponding to each category in the database. In both belief formations the involved estimates are weighted according to their similarity or relevance to the new problem. We impose normatively desirable and natural properties on the categorization of databases. On the stage of belief formation our axioms specify the relationship between different categorized databases and their corresponding induced (category or prototype based) beliefs. The axiomatization of a belief formation in Billot et al. (Econometrica, 2005) is covered for the situation of a (trivial) categorization of a database that consists only of singleton categories and agents basically do not process information categorical.

Providing information to the public about a species can impact the public's attitudes toward that species. Overall, providing information in any of four categories of information about coyotes positively influenced attitudes toward coyotes using six attitudinal measurements (p < .01). Behavior statements most positively influenced attitudes, followed by images of coyotes, statements about humans and coyotes, and statements about coyote ecology. How well specific pieces of information were received is also discussed.

Objective To evaluate the content and presentation of websites accessed by the public for information about two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and naproxen. To assess the accuracy and completeness of website content compared with official patient leaflets, and assess the quality of presentation of each site. Setting Medicines are the most frequent intervention in healthcare, and people need appropriate information to use them safely and effectively. There is evidence that the leaflets supplied with medicines do not meet peoples' needs. There are many websites containing medicines information, but it is not known how the content compares with the official information. Method The search words ‘Brufen’ and then ‘Naprosyn’ were used in the Google search engine. We identified the first 10 sites containing information comparable to that in conventional medicines leaflets (more than 100 words and at least three of five categories of information). Each site was scored for presence and accuracy of each point of information included in official leaflets. Each site was also scored for quality of presentation, assessing 10 attributes (scored 1–3). Key findings We found 7 Brufen and 10 Naprosyn sites meeting the inclusion criteria and the mean score for completeness of information was 50% (range 23–79%). Eight inaccuracies were found in 7 out of the 17 sites. Four had significant potential clinical impact (all relating to dose) and four were minor in significance. The overall mean score for website presentation was 77%. Conclusion Compared to official leaflets, information found on websites generally contained about half the total amount of pieces of information. There were a small number of inaccuracies related to dose, which are potentially dangerous. The websites scored well overall for quality of presentation. The two overall highest-scoring websites were a manufacturer's site and one aimed at health professionals.

The short message function of the BeiDou satellite system, due to its strong concurrent processing capabilities, can quickly and accurately send information to the target location in emergency situations. However, because of data redundancy and limitations on message length, a single piece of information often requires multiple transmissions through BeiDou short messages to be completed, resulting in limited transmission capacity. To improve the transmission capacity of information, it is necessary to compress the information during transmission using BeiDou’s short message communication function for maritime safety information. This paper proposes a Byte Encoding-enhanced Prediction by Partial Matching, variant D (BPPMd) algorithm that is particularly suitable for transmitting maritime safety information. Combined with a maritime safety information encoding algorithm (ME), it further improves compression efficiency, optimizes byte space, reduces information redundancy, and ensures the accuracy of the information. In this study, we constructed a maritime safety information dataset that includes three categories of information: meteorological warnings, navigation warnings, and disaster warnings. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is particularly suitable for compressing the maritime safety information dataset and outperforms other benchmark algorithms. Therefore, this study indicates that the proposed lossless compression method can be a feasible and effective solution for BeiDou short message communication.

A music information system automatically generated via Web content mining techniques

This study examined the impact of mood, age, and gender on decision processes of adolescents and adults. A total of 161 7th through 12th graders and adults completed a computer-administered decision task (choosing a part-time job). Each job varied on eight categories of information. Positive, neutral, and negative moods were induced; participants then used the computer to review information about the jobs. The computer recorded the amount of time spent viewing each piece of information, categories that were discarded, and the sequence of these views. Type of information processing (careful vs. superficial) was affected by mood, but only for females, who discarded more information and took longer to decide in negative vs. positive or neutral moods. Age affected participants’ estimates of the probability of obtaining their desired job and predecision search strategy: Junior high females were more pessimistic about their chances, and adults used more sophisticated decision strategies.

In this research, we verify information of sightseeing spots as a weak trigger which gives strolling tourists a chance to change their behaviors but does not specify the spot in a recommendation system. In a general recommendation system, the system provides complete piece of information about recommended spots. However, the provided information may deprive users of opportunities to discover interesting something by themselves. On the other hand, if no information is recommended to tourists, they may stroll in a restricted area because they have no hints of unfamiliar area. To reveal an appropriate information solving the above problems, we focus on the amount of information provided to users. Information about sightseeing spots is classified into the position and the feature information of a spot. For each information, we define the four categories of information according to the amount of information. We conducted the experiment with some subjects, and analyzed the impact on the information of these categories.

The subject of this review is the solution environment of nonpolar molecules dissolved in liquid water, and the molecular description of the most likely encounters between such solutes in aqueous solution. These subjects have been traditionally discussed under the name, effects. Several reviews have been written previously about hydrophobic effects, and from a variety of different perspectives. The perspectives include the peculiarities of solution thermodynamic properties (la,b, 2), the formation of membranes and micelles (3, 4), and the influence of solution environment on the structure of proteins (5, 6). These are problems of obvious importance, and they have been the subject of research over many decades. This research has produced a rich array of thermodynamic and spectroscopic data on aqueous solutions and evolved speculations about the molecular-level structure of the systems. In fact, until the late 1970s these topics were often discussed in much the same ways as they were decades previously. However, at about that time a new category of molecular-level information bearing on hydrophobic effects began to be available. The new pieces of information were predominately theoretical in character. In the majority of cases, the new results were obtained from computationally demanding Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics calcu­ lations on model aqueous solutions. However, those calculations were carried out during a period of rapid maturation of the theory of molecular liquids. This combined theoretical impulse produced a demand for new experiments, and considerable progress has been achieved over the last several years. It is these developments that are reviewed here. Despite renewed activity, the recent developments have not quite

Chapter 2 - Data Structures: Classifying the Various Types of Data Sets

This paper describes the fundamental pieces of design information that compose the University of Missouri Rolla’s (UMR) design repository schema. Knowledge-based systems along with similar design information-capture schemas are reviewed. Repository schema conventions and specific implementation details are outlined to provide an understanding of the system connections and information relationships. Next, the repository schema is divided into seven main categories of design information including: artifact-, function-, failure-, physical-, performance-, sensory- and media-related information types. Each of the seven types of design information are described in detail to illustrate what elements of design information are recorded and how their relationships are established. An overview of the entire repository database is also presented. The result is a complete description and specification of the repository framework and allowable design information types such that the schema and repository could be recreated. Finally, a brief comparison is made between the UMR repository and its antecedent NIST repository framework.

: Present hardware makes it possible to display any or all sonar information at the submarine CONN, from raw auditory data to refined visual displays of predicted ship's positions, but two important considerations may dictate that less information be provided than is technologically possible. One of these is financial. The other, which this research begins to address, is the amount of information the Conning Officer can effectively process, since it is well established that performance can be degraded as severely by too much, or inappropriate, information, as by too little. This study was conducted to identify those pieces of sonar information that are perceived by the submarine Conning Officer to be most useful in the operation of own ship. Ninety-five Submarine Officers, with varying amounts of at-sea experience performed two related tasks. In the first, 15 categories of sonar information were sorted according to similarity. In the second task, these categories were rank ordered according to importance at the CONN. A multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the officers organize sonar information in two dimensions, related to Information Source and Information Destination. Data from the rank order task indicated that most importance was attached to the information at the extremes of these dimensions. The most important information included sonar contacts' summary data, own ship information, raw visual sonar displays, and ocean acoustic parameters.

Clustering method for production of Z-number based if-then rules

An extensive interview of the patient and significant others is an essential part of the neuropsy-chological evaluation. A suggested Neuropsychological Interview Form is outlined in Appendix B. The form lists categories of information to be obtained from interviewees or from records. It may be helpful to use different color inks to identify the source of each piece of information. By obtaining the same type of information from sources other than the patient, the patient’s reliability, remote memory, and self-knowledge may be assessed.KeywordsHistory QuestionnaireRemote MemoryPosttraumatic AmnesiaVineland Adaptive Behavior ScaleVineland Adaptive BehaviorThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article From the PresidentFull AccessMedical Privacy in JeopardyPaul Appelbaum, M.D.Paul Appelbaum, M.D.Published Online:20 Sep 2002https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.18.0003It's one of the oldest tricks in the political book. Want to hide an action that you know is going to evoke howls of outrage from the public? Just release the news at a time when the fewest people are likely to be paying attention—say, late Friday afternoon, as everyone is getting ready to leave for the weekend. Better yet, make it a Friday afternoon in August, when a good percentage of the population is already on vacation. Assuming reporters can find anyone to comment, they will have only a few short hours to file their stories for Saturday's press run (the smallest of the week) or the evening news. By the time Monday rolls around, the story will be old hat. And by Labor Day, when life starts again for real, it will be all but forgotten.You know it can't be good news that on a Friday afternoon this past August, the Bush administration released the long-awaited final version of the medical privacy regulations required by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The path taken by the regulations on their way to final approval was tortuous. They grew out of the impasse in Congress over medical privacy legislation in the mid-1990s. Unable to resolve the disputes between those who favored strict privacy for medical information and those who saw opportunities in making it more widely available (and distracted by issues like minors' access to abortions, which somehow made their way into the debate), Congress decided not to decide.If no medical privacy legislation were passed after 18 months, HIPAA turned the responsibility over to the secretary of Health and Human Services to develop federal regulations governing the use and disclosure of medical information. HIPAA's focus was on electronic information—hence the additional regulations on transmission standards and security for electronic data—so technically the privacy standards apply only to entities (including individual practitioners) who transmit data electronically or have others do it on their behalf. But since that category includes records that are word processed and bills sent electronically by a billing agency, and since as long as one uses electronic data in any form, all of one's records become subject to HIPAA's regulations, there will not be many psychiatrists or other physicians who will not be subject to HIPAA.Psychiatrists are particularly sensitive to the importance of medical privacy, and hence APA took the lead for the medical profession in working with Congress to craft reasonable, but protective rules. Former APA President Richard Harding, M.D., and I trekked to Capitol Hill repeatedly over the years to testify at congressional committee hearings. (Dr. Harding has also been an important voice for medical privacy on the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, a crucial HHS advisory group.) When the task was turned over to HHS, we worked closely with APA's Division of Government Relations staff to set up repeated meetings with HHS and White House staff, arguing against some of the more egregious proposals that came along and in favor of maximizing patients' control over their medical record information.It has been a long haul, beginning with the Clinton administration's first white paper outlining its approach. Then came proposed rules, which were subject to extensive comment and a year's review, and then a set of final rules, initially held up as the new Bush administration took office, before they were ultimately released in April 2001. But the administration soon had second thoughts, and this past spring issued proposed changes to the rules. It was the final version of those changes that were issued late on a clammy Friday afternoon in August in 440 double-spaced pages of detail. As a whole, the regulations become effective April 14, 2003.Since the regulations will profoundly affect how all of us deal with patients' medical information, you will read and learn a great deal about them between now and when they take effect. Why sneak them out just before a summer weekend? Undoubtedly, the Bush administration wanted to avoid the criticism it knew was headed its way for its abrogation of the traditional right of patients to determine when and to whom their records can be released. Under the new regulations, records can be shared without patients' knowledge or consent for a broadly defined set of purposes encompassed by the phrase "treatment, payment, or health care operations." Patients' records, particularly as they become computerized, will move around the health care system—and the insurance and related industries—as never before. Law enforcement and other governmental agencies will also have unprecedented levels of access to these records. These were precisely the outcomes that APA worked so hard to avoid.Nonetheless, there are some positive things about the regulations. Psychotherapy notes have special protections, though they are defined so narrowly that relatively few practitioners are likely to benefit from the rule (for example, such notes must be kept separate from the patient's treatment record, cannot be used as documentation of the patient's care, and can contain only limited categories of information). There are new restrictions on the sale of medical information and on its transfer within organizations, like insurance companies, that provide services both related to and not related to health care. The rules governing research are generally reasonable. Patients will have the right to access their records and to request changes if they find mistakes. (I have written a more complete description of the new regulations and of the forces that shaped them that you will be able to read in the American Journal of Psychiatry in the next few months.)Among the key pieces of information for psychiatrists are that all of us will need to develop written privacy policies for our offices and to prepare notices of privacy practices that will have to be distributed to patients at their first visit. Guidance in dealing with the new regulations is available from several excellent publications that you can find on the AMA Web site at www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/4234.html. ▪ ISSUES NewArchived