The Mediating Role of Religious Health Fatalism and Modesty on the Association Between Religiosity and Mammography Screening Behavior Among Saudi Women.

Introduction:Breast cancer is an international health problem in the world over. Mammography screening behavior has critical role in early detection and decreasing of its mortality. Educational programs play an important role in promoting breast cancer screening behaviors and women health. Health belief models (HBM) is the most common models that have been applied in Mammography screening behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of breast cancer screening education using HBM on knowledge and health beliefs in 40 years women and older.Materials and Methods:In this Population-based controlled trial, 290 women of 40 years and older were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. Health beliefs determined using the Persian version of Champion's health belief model scale (CHBMS). Questionnaires were completed before and 4 weeks after intervention. Four educational sessions were conducted each session lasting 90 min by lecturing, group discussion, showing slide and educational film based on HBM constructs. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS (version 18) and statistical test at the significant level of α = 0.05.Results:Mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy of mammography and health motivation in the experimental group had significant differences in comparison with the control group after educational intervention (P ≤ 0.001).Conclusion:The results of this study have confirmed the efficiency of educational intervention based on HBM in increasing of knowledge and health beliefs about breast cancer and mammography screening behavior. Hence, implementing appropriate educational programs with focus on benefits of Mammography in early detection of breast cancer and creating positive motivation for health among women, can increase their practice of having mammography screening.

Little is known about the factors influencing screening among low-income Hispanic women particularly among recent immigrants. A sample of 148 low-income, low-literate, foreign-born Hispanic women residing in the Washington DC metropolitan area participated in the study. The mean age of the sample was 46.2 (SD=11.5), 84% reported annual household incomes ($15,000. All women were Spanish speakers and had low acculturation levels. Ninety six percent had reported having a Pap smear, but 24% were not in compliance with recommended screening (Pap test within the last 3 years). Among women 40 and older, 62% had received a mammogram, but only 33% were compliant with age appropriate recommended mammography screening guidelines. Women in this study had more misconceptions about cancer than Hispanics in other studies. Multivariate logistic models for correlates of Pap test and mammography screening behavior indicate that factors such as fear of the screening test, embarrassment, and lack of knowledge influenced screening behavior. In conclusion, women in this study had lower rates of mammography screening than non-Hispanic women and lower rates of compliance with recommended Mammography and Pap test screening guidelines.

BackgroundHigh screening coverage can effectively reduce the mortality in breast and cervical cancer. Further research on extending the coverage of breast and cervical cancer screening in China is required. This study explored factors influencing women's “two-cancer” screening service utilization using an ecological approach.MethodsData were obtained from the National Health Services Survey (NHSS) conducted in 2018 in Jiangsu, China. A total of 3,500 women aged 18–64 years were included in the analysis. Chi-squared test, hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis, and binary logistic regression analysis were performed.ResultsIn total, 44.1% of the women had been screened for breast cancer (BC) and 40.9% for cervical cancer (CC). Breast cancer screening (BCS) and cervical cancer screening (CCS) differed significantly in the following common categories: age, gestational experiences, chronic disease status, body mass index (BMI), exercise, health checkup, marital status, number of children, employment, education, family doctors, and health records. In the results of hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis, the explanatory power of the final model was 37.5% and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.812. The results showed that being in the age group of 35–64 years, having gestational experiences, having chronic diseases, exercising, having a health checkup, being married, having children, and being employed were statistically significant positive predictors of “two-cancer” screening adherence. The household size was a barrier. For BCS, obesity was also a negative factor, and a higher overall self-related health status was a positive factor. Being married and living in households of three or more families were not predictors. For CCS, having health records was also positively significant, while having chronic disease did not influence adherence.ConclusionThe findings provide an ecological explanation for women's BCS and CCS service utilization. Both proximal and distal factors should be considered to achieve a high coverage rate.

Black women (BW) experience age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates that are 40-70% higher than White women. Although BW are more likely to report having had a mammogram compared to other racial/ethnic minority groups, differences in mammography utilization exist among women with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Moreover, perceived everyday discrimination (PED) has been shown to have an inverse relationship on health screening behavior among BW. However, mammography screening behaviors of BW with low SES, who also report higher levels of PED, is not well known. This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived discrimination, SES (income, education, health insurance), and mammography screening behavior. Methods: Participants completed a 40-item survey and were recruited between 2020-2021 through a community-based participatory research initiative—Bench to Community. Logistic regression was used to test the associations of mammography utilization with PED—short version of Everyday Discrimination Scale, SES, and race/ethnicity. Results: Most participants (n=159) identified as BW (55%)—African American, African, and Caribbean, followed by White (34%), and other groups (9.3%). Twenty-five percent had some high school (HS) or a HS diploma, 25% had some college education with 15% reporting an income below $25,000. Many respondents had health insurance (96%), and 74% reported having had a mammogram. Discrimination alone significantly impacted whether an individual had a mammogram, such that those who reported higher levels of PED were 38% less likely to have a mammogram, χ2(12) = 36.924, p<.001. Additionally, while education significantly contributed to the model, income demonstrated a trending influence overall, with less than $25,000 income reaching significance (B=-3.331, SE=1.210, Wald = 7.576, p=.006). As race and insurance did not significantly contribute to the overall model, subsequent model fitting excluded these variables. In a model that included only discrimination, education, and income, all three predictors significantly contributed to the model χ2(9)= 33.571, p<.001. Discrimination (B= -.536, SE=.178, Wald = 9.106, p=.003), education overall (B=-1.177, SE=.604, Wald = 3.797, p=.051), and income (B=-2.674, SE=.956, Wald = 7.815, p=.005) were significant predictors. More specifically, those with some college education or less were 3.245 times less likely to have a mammogram. In this final model, those who reported making less than $25,000 household income were .069 times less likely to have a mammogram. Lastly, race alone was significantly (p=.006) predictive of mammogram screening behavior. Discussion/Conclusion: PED, education, and income were associated with mammography screening behavior. The excess mortality faced by BW, is a probable reflection of their position within our hierarchal society. Addressing these social determinants of health factors may improve our understanding of ways discrimination leaves BW vulnerable to disparate health outcomes, including breast cancer. Citation Format: Jessica Vinegar, Marissa Ericson, Kommah McDowell, Tonya Fairley, Rick Kittles, Lindsey Treviño, Dede Teteh. Perceived everyday discrimination, socioeconomic status, and mammography screening behavior [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-043.

To identify mammography screening prevalence and predictors in Asian American women, focusing on the potential disparities in race and its influence on screening behaviors. A secondary analysis utilized the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2015-2016. California, U.S. Cisgender women who were non-Hispanic (NH) White, Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean, or "other Asian", aged 40 or above (unweighted N=13 451). Socioeconomics, chronic health conditions, and preventive care utilization were mesuared as potential risk factors, where up-to-date mammography screening as the outcome variable. Multivariable adjusted logistic regressions were generalized to identify the up-to-date mammography screening behaviors in relation to potential factors, stratified by race and ethnicity. The prevalence for up-to-date mammography screening in NH-White and Asian American women were 68.06% and 65.97%, respectively. In NH-White women, receiving an up-to-date mammogram was associated with age, birthplace, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, health insurance coverage, and a preventive care visit in the past 12months, whereas only age and a preventive care visit were significant predictors in Asian women. The findings indicate that utilization disparities exist in mammogram in relation to socioeconomics, chronic health conditions, preventive care utilization, when comparing between race and ethnicity. Asian American women with borderline hypertension and no preventive care visits may require more public health outreach and cancer education.

To use transformative learning to investigate what experiences serve as catalysts for mammography screening, the cognitive and affective responses that result from the catalyst, and how screening behavior is impacted. A descriptive qualitative study. Southeastern Wyoming. 25 low-income, rural women aged 40 years and older. Four focus group interviews. Cancer experiences triggered universal responses of fear by screeners and nonscreeners. The manner in which that fear response was interpreted was a critical factor in the facilitation of, or impedance to, screening. Dichotomous interpretations of fear responses provided the context for screening behavior. Immobilizing and isolating experiences were associated with nonscreening behavior, whereas motivation and self-efficacy were associated with screening behavior. Transformative learning theory is a useful framework from which to explain differences in mammography screening behavior. Creating opportunities that facilitate dialogue and critical reflection hold the potential to change immobilizing and isolating frames of reference in nonscreening women. To help women transcend their fear and become self-efficacious, nurses can assess how cancer and the screening experience is viewed and, if indicated, move beyond standard education and offer opportunities for dialogue and critical reflection.

The Perception of Cancer Risk in Patients With Prevalent Barrett’s Esophagus Enrolled in an Endoscopic Surveillance Program

The Perception of Cancer Risk in Patients With Prevalent Barrett’s Esophagus Enrolled in an Endoscopic Surveillance Program

This study sought to explore the contribution of the self-concept to older women's adherence to regular mammography screening behavior. The PRECEDE and health belief model concepts were incorporated with a measure of the women's future selves to determine whether the self-concept adds to our ability to predict screening. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 210 community-dwelling women ages 50 to 75 years, recruited from urban and rural women's groups. Logistic regression analyses revealed that predictors of adherence were clinical breast examination, physician recommendation, age, barriers, benefits, feared health-related possible self, and self-efficacy in the feared domain. The addition of the self measures significantly improved the overall fit of the model. Implications for theory development, practice, and future research are discussed.

This study examines breast cancer knowledge, attitudes and screening behaviors of Hispanic women living in the South Texas colonias of Maverick and Val Verde Counties. We used the Health Belief Model to analyze the effects of HBM constructs on clinical breast exam (CBE) and mammogram screening. Using a multistage systematic sampling approach we interviewed women living within these colonias. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict CBE and mammography screening behaviors. The results indicate that knowledge, susceptibility, barriers and source of health information were statistically significant in predicting CBE among these women. In addition, background variables such as marital status and health insurance were also significant in predicting CBE. Findings further indicate that source of health information, barriers, and health insurance significantly predicts mammography screening behaviors. Results suggest that for women living in colonias along the South Texas Border socio-demographic variables play a significant role in CBE and mammography utilization.

Background:Stage of Change and Health Belief Models are two the most common models that have been applied in mammography screening behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify women in different stages of mammography adoption and to examine association between women's beliefs by stage of change among Iranian women.Methods:In this population-based study, mammography screening behavior determined using the Rakoweski stage of change scale, and women beliefs were determined by Farsi version of Champion's Health Belief Model scale (CHBMS). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16.0) using statistical analysis of variance and Chi-square tests that used to determine relation between socio-demographic variables and HBM scales with stage of mammography. In all of the tests, a significant level α = 0.05 was considered.Results:According to stages of change distributions for mammography screening behavior, 36.2% were in pre-contemplation, 21.1% in contemplation, 4.2% in action, 6.2% in maintenance, and 32.3% were in relapse stage. There were significant differences in mammography stage by age, education, married status, family monthly income, husband job, information about breast cancer, and history of breast problems. ANOVA test showed significant differences by stages for all HBM scales, except to perceived severity.Conclusion:The findings indicated that women in pre-contemplation, relapse, and contemplation stages are more likely need to educational intervention, which emphasizes the benefits and barriers of mammography, health motivation, and self-efficacy. Furthermore, examining individuals’ beliefs about breast cancer and mammography screening by stage of mammography adoption is especially important in order to development of effectiveness interventions, which targeted to stage of change and promote mammography screening behavior.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer in the world. Early detection of cancers cause significantly reduce in morbidity rate and treatment costs. Mammography is a known effective diagnosis method of breast cancer. A way for mammography screening behavior identification is women's awareness evaluation for participating in mammography screening programs. Todays, intelligence systems could identify main factors on specific incident. These could help to the experts in the wide range of areas specially health scopes such as prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this paper we use a hybrid model called H-BwoaSvm which BWOA is used for detecting effective factors on mammography screening behavior and SVM for classification. Our model is applied on a data set which collected from a segmental analytical descriptive study on 2256 women. Proposed model is operated on data set with 82.27 and 98.89 percent accuracy and select effective features on mammography screening behavior.

Background: The prevalence of breast cancer (BC) has notably increased in Iran, making it the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women and the primary cause of new cases. Moreover, studies have indicated a low level of awareness among Iranian women regarding BC screening. Recognizing the impact of knowledge on behavioral intention, researchers proposed incorporating a knowledge-based structure into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. This conceptual model was subsequently tested to assess its effectiveness and predict mammography screening behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 320 women employed at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran. The applied instruments were the TPB scale and knowledge questionnaire. In this investigation, SPSS 22.0 and Amos 22.0 were employed for all analyses. A structural equation model (SEM) was also used to evaluate the relations between variables. Results: Individuals’ behavioral intention was significantly associated with higher levels of knowledge (β=0.29), perceived behavioral control (β=0.36), and subjective norms (β=0.32). The model demonstrated that perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of intention for mammography screening. Additionally, behavioral intention had a significant effect on mammography screening behavior (β=0.56). Furthermore, knowledge could directly influence behavioral intention, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that interventions aimed at increasing women’s sense of control over BC screening circumstances could have a significant impact on screening intention and behavior. By targeting these factors, healthcare providers and public health professionals can create specific interventions to enhance mammography screening rates among women.

Breast cancer is considered as a substantial health concern and practicing mammography screening [MS] is important in minimizing its related morbidity. So it is essential to have a better understanding of breast cancer screening behaviors of women and factors that influence utilization of them. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that are linked to MS behaviors among the Egyptian women. A cross-sectional descriptive design was carried out to provide a snapshot of the factors that are linked to MS behaviors. A convenience sample of 311 women was utilized and all eligible participants admitted to the Women Imaging Unit who are 40 years of age or above, coming for mammography assessment, not pregnant or breast feeding and who accepted to participate in the study were included. A structured questionnaire was developed by the researchers and contains three parts; Socio-demographic data; Motivating factors associated with MS; and association between MS and model of behavior change. The analyzed data indicated that most of the participated women (66.6%) belonged to the age group of 40- 49.A high proportion of participants (58.1%) of group having previous MS influenced by their neighbors to practice MS, whereas 32.7 % in group not having previous MS were influenced by family members which indicated significant differences (P and media shown to be the least influence of others to practice MS. Women with intention to have a future mammogram had higher OR (1.404) for practicing MS compared with women with no intention. Further studies are needed to examine the relation between Transtheoretical Model [TTM] and practicing MS.

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. and early diagnosis could reduce breast cancer deaths. Therefore, health literacy is one of the most important determinants of participation in cancer screening for early diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the relationship between women's mammography screening behaviors and health literacy levels. The cross-sectional study included 312 women aged 40-69 years living in a rural area. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a personal information form and the Turkish Health Literacy Scale (THLS-32). Of the women, 28.5% had mammography in the last 2 years. Of concern was the low health literacy levels. In addition, there were significant differences in the THLS-32 subgroup scores, including the THLS-32 total score, among the mammography screening groups. Health literacy levels of women were related to mammography screening rates. For this reason, effective intervention studies aiming to increase society's health literacy levels may contribute to an increase in breast cancer screenings.