The Meaning of Irritability in ADHD: Systematic Review

The growth of technologies promising to infer emotions raises political and ethical concerns, including concerns regarding their accuracy and transparency. A marginalized perspective in these conversations is that of data subjects potentially affected by emotion recognition. Taking social media as one emotion recognition deployment context, we conducted interviews with data subjects (i.e., social media users) to investigate their notions about accuracy and transparency in emotion recognition and interrogate stated attitudes towards these notions and related folk theories. We find that data subjects see accurate inferences as uncomfortable and as threatening their agency, pointing to privacy and ambiguity as desired design principles for social media platforms. While some participants argued that contemporary emotion recognition must be accurate, others raised concerns about possibilities for contesting the technology and called for better transparency. Furthermore, some challenged the technology altogether, highlighting that emotions are complex, relational, performative, and situated. In interpreting our findings, we identify new folk theories about accuracy and meaningful transparency in emotion recognition. Overall, our analysis shows an unsatisfactory status quo for data subjects that is shaped by power imbalances and a lack of reflexivity and democratic deliberation within platform governance.

Research suggests that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more likely to suffer from mental health disorders, emotional distress, and have altered hormone profiles (e.g., higher androgens). Past research suggests facial emotion processing is affected by hormones (e.g., androgens), mental health-related disorders, and may be altered in PCOS. The present study examined whether facial emotion recognition (FER) differs between women with and without PCOS symptoms. Observational case-control design. Three groups of participants (women with provisional PCOS, women without PCOS, and men; N = 178) completed a FER task that involved identifying emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, or neutral) in images of emotional faces. Overall emotion recognition and emotion-specific accuracy were examined. PCOS symptom severity and provisional diagnoses were also assessed in women via self-report measures, including the polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire. Women with provisional PCOS had significantly lower emotion recognition accuracy than those without PCOS, and emotion-specific differences were found for fear and disgust. A significant linear effect also emerged for overall FER, revealing men as the least accurate, followed by women with provisional PCOS, and then women without PCOS. The results suggest that women with PCOS may have difficulty with emotion recognition, especially fear and disgust. The sex difference in emotion recognition was in line with previous research. These findings are consistent with the theory that androgens affect emotion recognition and suggest implications for PCOS symptoms on women's emotional well-being and socioemotional functioning.

The World Health Organization (WHO)'s priorities for the development of the classification of mental and behavioural disorders in the ICD-11 include increasing its clinical utility in global mental health settings (1) and improving the identification and diagnosis of mental disorders among children and adolescents (2). An issue that has been hotly debated in the area of childhood psychopathology is the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of children with severe irritability and anger (3,4). Although virtually all children display irritable and angry behaviours at times, some children exhibit them more frequently and more intensely, to the extent that they become an impairing form of emotional dysregulation. Recent findings indicate that these children with chronic and severe irritability/anger have not been adequately identified through existing classification systems, are at an increased risk for particular negative outcomes, and have not received appropriate treatment. To the extent that ICD-11 can help clarify the clinical picture of irritability/anger, children and families will benefit from more accurate diagnoses, more useful prognoses, and more effective interventions. This paper provides a brief overview of the issue, followed by several possible options and the current proposal for the classification of childhood irritability/anger in ICD-11. This proposal represents a markedly different – but we believe more scientifically justifiable – solution to the problems in this area than that selected for DSM-5 (5).

Objective:Social cognition refers to processing, analyzing and understanding information about emotions and social situations. Many studies indicate a frequent deficit of these functions in people with tumors of the cerebellum. Visual search is an important attention process prior to information processing. It also mediates the relationship between cognitive function (attention) and social cognition. There are numerous data showing that disorders of various aspects of attention are fairly common in patients with tumors of the cerebellum. The question arises whether there is any relationship between these functions. The purpose of this study was to find out if there is a relationship between visual search performance and the ability to recognize emotions.Participants and Methods:The study included 19 patients with the cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumors (mean age = 38.84, SD = 14.27; 10 women and 9 men) and 19 healthy controls (mean age 38.26, SD = 10.40; 10 women and 9 men). The research group consisted of patients from the Department of Neurosurgery, UCK Medical University of Warsaw, the control group was healthy. The groups did not differ demographically. At the beginning, the respondents completed a questionnaire in which they were asked about demographic data and health status. Then, a series of 40 boards presenting the letters T in two colors, blue and orange, scattered in different planes was presented. The letters were right or upside down. The test person’s task was to find and click the correctly positioned orange T letter as quickly as possible. Then, a series of 56 photos of faces representing seven different emotions was presented (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear and a neutral face). The test person’s task was to decide which of the emotions mentioned under the photo were presented by the presented face.Results:The results indicated that patients with tumors in the CPA area had a longer mean reaction time and lower accuracy when performing visual searches than subjects from the control group. Likewise, there were longer times and lower accuracy in the emotional recognition task. Moreover, in the group of patients with CPA tumor, the response time during visual search was negatively associated with the correctness of the response in visual search (p = -0.57, p <0.05). There were also negative correlations between the reaction time and the correctness of recognizing particular emotional states: anger (p = -0.48, p <0.05), disgust (p = -0.62, p <0.01) and neutral (p = -0.64, p <0.01). The correctness of answers in visual search correlated positively with the accuracy of emotion recognition (p = 0.72, p <0.01). None of the above-mentioned relationships were found in the control group.Conclusions:The obtained results indicate a relationship between the quality of visual attention and the ability to recognize emotions in people with cerebellar lesions. In order to better understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to continue research in this field.

Despite a marked increase in treatment for bipolar disorder among youths, little is known about their pattern of service use. This article describes mental health service use in the year before and after a new clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Claims were reviewed between April 1, 2004, and March 31, 2005, for 1,274,726 privately insured youths (17 years and younger) who were eligible for services at least one year before and after a service claim; 2,907 youths had new diagnosis of bipolar disorder during this period. Diagnoses of other mental disorders and prescriptions filled for psychotropic drugs were assessed in the year before and after the initial diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The one-year rate of a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder was .23%. During the year before the new diagnosis of bipolar disorder, youths were commonly diagnosed as having depressive disorder (46.5%) or disruptive behavior disorder (36.7%) and had often filled a prescription for an antidepressant (48.5%), stimulant (33.0%), mood stabilizer (31.8%), or antipsychotic (29.1%). Most youths with a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder had only one (28.8%) or two to four (28.7%) insurance claims for bipolar disorder in the year starting with the index diagnosis. The proportion starting mood stabilizers after the index diagnosis was highest for youths with five or more insurance claims for bipolar disorder (42.1%), intermediate for those with two to four claims (24.2%), and lowest for those with one claim (13.8%). Most youths with a new diagnosis of bipolar disorder had recently received treatment for depressive or disruptive behavior disorders, and many had no claims listing a diagnosis of bipolar disorder after the initial diagnosis. The service pattern suggests that a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is often given tentatively to youths treated for mental disorders with overlapping symptom profiles and is subsequently reconsidered.

An ability to accurately recognize negative emotions in others can initiate pro-social behavior and prevent anti-social actions. Thus, it remains of an interest of scholars studying effects of violent video games. While exposure to such games was linked to slower emotion recognition, the evidence regarding accuracy of emotion recognition among players of violent games is weak and inconsistent. The present research investigated the relationship between violent video game exposure (VVGE) and accuracy of negative emotion recognition. We assessed the level of self-reported VVGE in hours per day and the accuracy of the recognition using the Facial Expressions Matching Test. The results, with adolescents (Study 1; N = 67) and with adults (Study 2; N = 151), showed that VVGE was negatively related to accurate recognition of negative emotion expressions, even if controlled for age, gender, and trait empathy, but no causal direction could be assessed. In line with the violent media desensitization model, our findings suggest that higher self-reported VVGE relates to lower recognition of negative emotional expressions of other people. On the one hand, such lower recognition of negative emotions may underlie inaccurate reactions in real-life social situations. On the other hand, lower sensitivity to social cues may help players to better focus on their performance in a violent game.

Taking Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Out for a Test Drive

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Every year, approximately 800,000 Americans suffer a stroke. Supportive social environments are recognized as an important factor contributing to successful stroke recovery, yet, stroke lesions can affect brain areas important for socioemotional functioning, which could impair a patient’s ability to maintain their social relationships. Specifically, emotion recognition, a fundamental socioemotional skill, is predominantly right-lateralized and may be impacted by right-hemisphere stroke. This research tests for emotion recognition impairments after right-hemisphere stroke and examines whether such deficits are associated with worse reported social support. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Twenty right-hemisphere stroke patients (9 female, 11 male) and 23 age-matched healthy control subjects (9 female, 14 male) completed laboratory testing including the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test Short. Subjects additionally completed a measure of self-reported social support using the Older Americans Resources and Services questionnaire. Emotion recognition accuracy was calculated using overall accuracy and valence accuracy (i.e. correctly rating a positive emotion as positive). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Right-hemisphere stroke patients had lower overall emotion recognition accuracy than controls (patients; M = 37.8%, SD = 18.9%. controls; M = 48.5%, SD = 14.6%, t(41)=2.11, p=.041). Furthermore, patients had significantly lower valence accuracy (patients; M = 84.5%, SD = 10.7%. controls; M = 90.0%, SD = 5.2%, t(41)=2.19, p =.035), indicating that they more often mistook a positive emotion as a negative emotion, and vice-versa. Finally, within the right-hemisphere patient group, overall emotion recognition accuracy was trending to be positively correlated with self-reported social support (rho = 0.397, p =.083), suggesting that poor emotion recognition skills may be associated with worse social outcomes in the real-world. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings indicate that right-hemisphere stroke is associated with impaired emotion recognition. Future research could investigate whether an emotion recognition training may be beneficial for right-hemisphere stroke patient recovery.

TDAH et comorbidités en pédopsychiatrie. Pathologies psychiatriques, affections médicales, troubles de l’apprentissage et de la coordination

Emotion recognition deficits among persons with schizophrenia: Beyond stimulus complexity level and presentation modality

The article discusses how emotional intelligence tests are scored if the correct answers are based on expert assessments. As an example, the convergent validity of the Videotest of Emotion Recognition by Lyusin and Ovsyannikova is assessed using the author's and new key. In the author's version of the key, calculation of the accuracy of emotion recognition and the sensitivity to emotion intensity is based on the estimates of the distance between the respondent’s and experts’ scores. An alternative key was proposed for the reason that this method of calculation does not take into account the respondent’s errors when she notes that there was no emotion (0 points), but, according to experts, an emotion was present (from 1 to 5 points), and vice versa. In the standardization sample (N = 654), accuracy and sensitivity scores obtained using these two keys correlated at the 0.7 level. A slight advantage was shown for the new key: the accuracy of emotion recognition had stronger relationships with general emotional intelligence, identification with general emotional intelligence, identification of emotion (N = 120– 165, MSCEIT), as well as accuracy of basic emotion recognition in facial expressions (N = 112, JACFEE). With a higher accuracy of emotion recognition, a person is maximally sensitive to the intensity of another person’s emotions or slightly underestimates their intensity, which was more pronounced when using the author’s key.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases.

Differentiating Recurrent Unipolar Depressive Disorder from Bipolar Affective Disorder as a diagnostic code within the Coventry IPU 3-8 (Affective Disorders).

Who Are the Children With Severe Mood Dysregulation, a.k.a. “Rages”?

Bipolar disorder is a common condition diagnosed by the occurrence of pathological mood elevation but most often dominated by dysphoria states. Over the past 10 years, understanding of bipolar disorder and the number of evidence-based treatments have increased dramatically. This article offers strategies for improving diagnostic confidence and simple benchmarks that facilitate integrating principles of evidence-based medicine into the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Simple systematic assessment techniques such as focusing the evaluation to assess the most extreme episode of mood elevation and longitudinal factors such as age of onset and course of illness can avoid errors of omission and raise diagnostic confidence. An iterative measurement-based treatment model that aims to bring patients and their supports into the collaborative care process for progressively better outcomes is recommended.