Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are destructive pathogens that cause great damage to crops and severely limit food production, hindering our ability to meet the growing demand for food worldwide (Topalovic and Vestergård, 2021). The global crop losses caused by PPNs are estimated to be about 8.8%-14.6% of total crop production and 100-157 billion USD annually (Singh et al., 2013). Due to their small size and fast propagation speed, PPNs are difficult to see with naked eye, hence difficult to control. Farmers employ different ways to reduce or prevent the damage caused by nematodes This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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