The magazine of the first advocacy association of Hungarian playwrights: The four volumes of Színpad: Die Bühne

“The joy that engineers and mathematicians have come together.”¹

The American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal: Training the Next Generation of Academic Psychiatrists.

THE first Mary Soper Pope Medal of the Cranbrook Institute of Science, Michigan, has been awarded to Dr. Frans Verdoorn, editor of Ghronica Botanica, in recognition of his editorial and international relations work in biology as well as for his researches in crvptogamic botany and the history of the plant sciences. Dr. Verdoorn, who was born in Amsterdam in 1906, went to the United States in 1940. He is managing editor of the Chronica Botanica Co., which publishes Chronica Botanica, “A New Series of Plant Science Books”, and Annales Cryptogamici et Phytopathologici. He is also botanical secretary of the International Union of Biological Sciences and special adviser to the Netherlands Indies Department of Agriculture. His principal books are: “de Frul-laniaceis” X-XVIII, “Manual of Bryology”, “Manual of Pteridology”, “Plants and Plant Science in Latin America”, “Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies” (with P. Honig), and the “Index Botani-corum”, a biographical dictionary of plant scientists, now in preparation in co-operation with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, with which Dr. Verdoorn has been connected since 1941. From 1947 onwards, Dr. Verdoorn will issue a monthly biological news-letter, Biologia, and an annual review of progress in international relations and co-operation in science, to be entitled Pallas.

Any country that aspires to sustainability and quality of life for its populace must have credentials to be both worth securing and be capable of securing inter-generational well-being with flows and partnerships across its borders. This pursuit of economic security through international economic relations is designed to facilitate the flow of goods, services, capital, ideas, information and natural persons. These flows induce domestic and foreign competition and encourage cross-border cooperation among interest groups. This process pervades governance frames, challenges notions of competitiveness and competition policies and fundamentally transforms international economic relations. The problematique raises many perplexing questions which this paper condenses into two main inquiries: How do the requirements of national governance, competitiveness and international regimes affect the Role of State in these three arenas? Which ways of harmonising the trine of governance, competitiveness and international economic relations are efficient, equitable and cost-effective? The paper presents a conceptual framework visualising international competitiveness and its impulses as onion- peels between the core necessities of what constitutes national governance and the bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral building blocks of international economics relations regimes. The paper analyses globalised and globalising sectors and national agendas to understand the strategic mapping of policy choices for U.S.A., EU, Japan, Russia, China, and India. The paper concludes that the role of the State must internalise national governance, competitiveness and international economic relations as necessary complements, not substitutes.

The equalization-normalization debate concerns whether the Internet equalizes politics by empowering resource-poor organizations, or whether it further strengthens the position of resource-rich organizations. We address this debate by studying how interest groups’ utilization of digital media is associated with their success in influencing news media. We suggest digital media is characterized by the coexistence of old and new media logics that benefit resource-rich and resource-poor groups in different ways. Analyzing a dataset of 1,127 Finnish interest groups, we found that groups’ utilization of digital media is positively associated with their news media success, yet traditional ways of influencing the news media remain more effective. Among resource-rich groups with larger public relations staff, blog publishing is positively associated with both media access (media visibility) and agenda-building success (influencing news topics). In contrast, utilization of digital media among resource-poor groups only correlates with agenda-building success, and audiovisual content is more effective than other content. We suggest that while resource-poor groups benefit from network media logic in which the flow of information is initially based on popularity among social media users, resource-rich groups can exploit mass media logic where traditional journalistic gatekeeping is more important. The findings also imply that digital media has not decreased resource-related bias in interest groups’ media access.

Digital content creation: A global view on curriculum design

Nowadays digital archiving has an important role to play in supporting administrative efficiency and the quality of public services, including in higher education institutions. This research discusses the implementation of digital archive management at Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya (UMPR) as an effort to improve the quality of public services. Through archive digitization, UMPR seeks to speed up the flow of information, facilitate data access, and increase transparency and accountability in administrative services to students, staff, and the relevant community. Even though there are several challenges or obstacles such as limited infrastructure and human resource skills, solutions in the form of training, infrastructure improvements, and system integration can optimize digital archive management. The research results show that digitizing archives at Muhammadiyah University of Palangka Raya has the potential to improve the quality of public services which has an impact on stakeholder satisfaction and makes it easier to carry out administrative tasks as a whole.

PurposeTo provide information about how changes to the Copyright Law in the European Union have far‐reaching implications for library services; and in particular to illustrate this by showing how library organizations in Germany have reacted to German legal implementation in such a way that they continue to provide services which their users have come to expect of them.Design/methodology/approachThe mandates of the Copyright Law in the European Union are examined and the problems and positions of the various interest groups in amending the German Copyright Law are presented.FindingsThe presentation shows that German library organizations are striving to help create a legal framework in which the interests of the rightholders, the providers of services for users and the endusers are balanced. With the increased development of electronic means of storage and duplication and the uncertainty of what the future will bring, the fears of loss by the rightholders have created an atmosphere of mistrust, which makes it difficult to create legislation acceptable to all parties.Research limitations/implicationsThe current status of the Copyright Law in Germany is in a state of flux. Depending on the final version of the Law, not only German libraries, but libraries all over the world may find themselves faced with restrictions in international inter‐library loan and thereby be faced with the need to reassess how and if they will be able to offer all the services they have in the past.Practical implicationsAny changes to Copyright Law have far‐reaching effects on the flow of information. Since libraries play an important role as intermediaries between endusers and rightholders, it is imperative that they are aware of the ramifications of any changes to these laws.Originality/valueThe paper examines the background for the current status of the Copyright Law in Germany, presents the positions of the various interest groups, indicates how the flow of information may be affected by any changes and makes a plea for a reasonable solution which will be acceptable to all parties involved.

Lobbying is an integral part of contemporary international processes. Globalization, spread of market relations and transnational links, liberalization of national and supranational governance increased the role of interest groups in international relations. However, interest groups activities at the global level are still largely a terra incognita for international relations theory and international law which requires a more comprehensive analysis. The main goal of the article is to fill the gaps in modern IR theory as well as in theories of lobbying and interest groups by systematization of lobbying regulation experience in international and transnational spheres. Even though single approach towards formalization of international lobbying is hardly feasible, systematization of current global practices should facilitate better understanding of the nature of interest groups activity in international and transnational spheres, of potential and limits for its regulation both in sovereign states and international organizations. The article analyzes separate regulatory regimes aimed at formalizing lobbying in international and transnational spheres. There are two types of regimes: those existing on supranational level that set rules of interaction between interest groups and international organizations; those that regulate interactions of foreign interest groups and sovereign states. Analysis has demonstrated that supranational and national authorities have different approaches towards regulating their interactions with transnational interest groups. Moreover, difference exists not only between these two levels but within levels. I study supranational regulation with the cases of the European Union and the United Nations. The EU is an example of the most inclusive regulatory regime within the international organization. It technically covers all types of interest groups that wish to lobby EU officials. The UN takes a different approach – it officially regulates interactions only with international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). However, real interests behind INGOs include not only public interests but also business groups. There is an unfolding discussion within the UN over what should be the right approach towards regulating business interests. Various UN bodies have varying opinions on the issue that results in existence of various sub-regimes in the organization. The analysis of foreign lobbying regulation regimes in sovereign states has demonstrated that their development is connected mainly to political motivations of national authorities who wish to limit political and information influence by foreign interest groups while leaving economic ties and interaction with foreign business groups relatively immune to such regulation.

What can models of interest group behaviour from American politics tell us about the existence, activities, and influence of international non-governmental advocacy organisations (advocacy INGOs) in International Relations? In this article I detail an analogy between traditional American interest groups and advocacy INGOs in order to suggest a new approach to theorising INGOs. American politics theories of interest groups provide insights to questions which International Relations has been unable to answer satisfactorily, including where INGOs are likely to be found; how INGOs will grow in the future; the organisational structure of INGOs; the impact of competing groups on the quality and content of foreign policy and international agreements; and the roles of INGOs in different stages of the policy process. Viewing INGOs as interest groups provides a curative to the tendency to view them as self-sacrificing knights in shining armour. Competing INGOs representing narrow interests can nevertheless contribute to the common good in the form of effective, efficient policy.

There is a plethora of studies on interest groups in the European Union. While these studies have generated a wealth of insights, it is not actually clear what they have accomplished. This Living Review seeks to identify those areas of interest group studies in which our knowledge is fairly consolidated and in which major research gaps or major controversies can be noted. I argue that these research gaps and controversies stem from both the empirical variance in the interest group landscape and the theoretical segmentation of EU interest group studies. These have been shaped by influences from Comparative Politics, International Relations, Policy Analysis, and Democratic Theory. I suggest that future research should engage to a greater extent in cross-cutting theoretical debates in order to overcome the pronounced demarcation of research areas and in more rigorous theory testing than has sometimes been the case. The article starts by discussing the problem of conceptualizing interest groups before moving on to the fissured theoretical landscape. Thereafter, major research themes are discussed. First, I review the relation between EU institutions and interest groups. Here, I look both into multilevel governance and Europeanization studies that focus on the vertical interaction and into analyses that stress the horizontal segmentation of the EU system in different institutions and sectors. Second, I analyze core themes of EU and comparative interest group studies, namely the issue of collective action, the access of interest groups to policy-makers and their influence on EU policymaking.

The objective of the article is to show the algorithm of international relations geoinformation mapping. During the mapping we can mine unknown or hidden knowledge which can be understood from the spatial database and improve the ability of interpreting data. The algorithm of mapping can be divided into five phases described as follows: investigation of potential map user’s demands, spatial data analysis and selection (accuracy, consistency, fullness); scale, map projections and map composition choice (main meridian, map frame, map distortions), spatial data preprocessing (metadata description, data normalization, data generalization, data quality control, error detection, anomalies, duplication and noise detection, correction of errors, data deduplication), data mining (creation of classifications, cluster and factor analysis, decision trees, neural networks, self-organizing maps, association rules, quality assessment), map creation, knowledge representation and evaluation. The article arranges experience of international relations geoinformation mapping. The international relations maps of Ukraine potential users (state and region management, educational, cultural, advocacy, international marketing and advertising, media business), subjects (substance, energy and information flows) and indicators arrays are proposed. Main subjects of maps can be described as follows: military-political, economicpolitical, socio-political and ideological relations; migrations and refugees, international tourism, export and import of goods and services, information flows (flows of culture elements, artifacts and tangible cultural monuments, scientific knowledge, ideas, technologies, traditions, beliefs, ideology, etc.), transport and business infrastructure. The requirements for spatial data sources for international relations geoinformation mapping are defined. The algorithm of international relations static and interactive maps creation and analysis are founded. The flow chart of Ukraine international relations geoinformation mapping algorithm is presented.

International relations as an independent new discipline has been created by a process of separation from international law. The theory of international relations very rightly stressed that States’ conduct neither can be fully determined nor can be viewed and analyzed exclusively by a prism of legal norms. Nevertheless, such approach can be criticized when it leads to underestimation, neglect or even rejection of any role for international law in international relations. In fact none international order can exist without principles, norms, procedures and institution based and created by international law. The end of the Cold War has created new opportunities for development and evolution of international law. One can observe profound changes concerning the notion of sovereignty, subjectivity, responsibility. The principle of non-intervention is replaced by the UN principle „responsibility to protect”. Individuals responsible for international crimes due to the creation of many international tribunals are brought to criminal responsibility. An era of impunity comes to the end. Notion of international community and subjects of international law needs in 21st century a redefinition. Despite great increase of numbers and importance of non-state actors States preserve their dominant position. United Nations system should be reformed. All intergovernmental, international organizations should put human beings of the center of their activities. The role and importance of international law in 21st century is on rise. This is due to the need to meet new challenges and threats confronting international community. That why, international agreements and regulations are indispensible. International law is also under influence of new processes in particular globalization, regionalization and integration, including the European Union. Studies of international relations cannot be properly developed and brought adequate and just results without taking into account international law. By the same token international law without taking into account broadly understood international relations is threaten to be dogmatic and disconnected from reality.

The purpose of the article is to highlight the role of information support in the study, identify stages of research and collection of scientific information, identify its sources, determine the possibilities of access and usage by researchers of the World Wide Web and the environment of digital civilization in research work for Ph.D. students. The methodology of the research consists in the application of general scientific and special research methods, in particular, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization and abstraction, review-analytical, classification, terminological, description and comparison, which allowed revealing the status and role of information support for the research activity. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the generalization of knowledge concerning the role of information support, systematization of sources and stages of search as well as a collection of scientific information. It has been proven that the efficiency and speed of searching for scientific information with unlimited possibilities of access and use are provided by the global Internet and the active formation of the environment of digital civilization, primarily electronic libraries and digital archives. It has been confirmed that an important role in terms of the search and analysis of the structure and dynamics of arrays as well as flows of scientific information belongs to scientometrics, which is carried out by scientific databases. The most authoritative of the ones are Web of Science and Scopus. Conclusions. Scientific information enriches the idea of scientific communication in general and provides new qualitative opportunities in the context of the research. The search for scientific information is carried out in libraries, through library and information institutions, national services of scientific and technical information, the Internet, electronic libraries, digital archives. The ability to promptly find and process the necessary information on the research topic while applying modern information technology is incredibly valuable for applicants for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and a responsible stage of scientific research. Keywords: information support of research work, postgraduate studies, training of doctors of philosophy, search and collection of scientific information, Internet, an environment of objects of digital civilization.

The study of global politics is not an exercise in objectivity and rationality, but one that is embodied, personal, and deeply affective. Feminist scholarship both within and outside of International Relations (IR) have pioneered discussions of embracing our affective experiences as researchers, as well as maintaining ethical commitments to research participants and collaborators. In addition to feminist contributions, the emotional turn in IR has seen the emergence of vibrant scholarship exploring the role of emotions in sites and processes of global politics, as well as the role of emotions in the research process. In this article, I aim to contribute to this growing body of scholarship by speaking to these and other questions that explore the role of emotions in researchers’ engagement with their work. In particular, I draw on and interrogate my own emotional entanglements with the digital archives of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The goal of this article is to provide insights into the emotional process of reading and interpreting testimonies of violence, and to illuminate ethical concerns that arise – particularly as an ‘outsider’ – when reading and representing trauma in my research.