The Loss of Sentimental Poetry

This paper analyzes Walrasian general equilibrium systems and calculates the static and dynamic solutions for competitive market equilibria. The Walrasian framework encompasses the basic multi-sector growth (MSG) models with neoclassical production technologies inN sectors (industries). The endogenous behavior of all the relative prices are analyzed in detail, as are sectorial allocations of the primary factors, labor and capital. Dynamic systems of Walrasian multi-sector economies and the family of solutions (time paths) for steady-state and persistent growth per capita are parametrically characterized. The technology parameters of the capital good industry are decisive for obtaining long-run per capita growth in closed (global) economies. Brief comments are offered on the MSG literature, together with apects on the studies of industrial (structural) evolution and economic history.

This paper analyzes Walrasian general equilibrium systems and calculates the static and dynamic solutions for competitive market equilibria. The Walrasian framework encompasses the basic multi-sector growth (MSG) models with neoclassical production technologies in N sectors (industries). The endogenous behavior of all the relative prices are analyzed in detail, as are sectorial allocations of the primary factors, labor and capital. Dynamic systems of Walrasian multi-sector economies and the family of solutions (time paths) for steady-state and persistent growth per capita are parametrically characterized. The technology parameters of the capital good industry are decisive for obtaining long-run per capita growth in closed (global) economies. Brief comments are offered on the MSG literature, together with apects on the studies of industrial (structural) evolution and economic history.

William Shakespeare evokes “sad stories”—traumatic historical narratives—to explore how sorrowful language exposes Richard’s emotional fragility. “Infused” by “self and vain conceit,” King Richard sees monarchial agency as perfunctory, where Death allows him but “a breath, a little scene, to monarchize” himself among the “murdered” kings. Richard II engages a residual tension between a traumatic monarchial history and an emergent political narrative that sought to energize the Tudor political apparatus. E.M. Tillyard famously notes that the history play dramatized historical mythology to support the Tudor monarchial line, encouraging the queen’s people “to look on the events that led to their accession” in a way that endorsed Elizabeth within the canon of earlier English monarchs. Shakespeare maps Richard’s propensities for inaction and slumber, correlating despair to poor leadership with its affective response to it. In terms of the deficit model, sluggard despair is a temporary, downward position, “artificial” in that Richard’s brooding is situationally inappropriate and a product of his wallowing.

Company Management: Its Historical Evolution G.Zanda The Period in which Power is Associated with Land Ownership D.Coluccia The First Industrial Revolution (c1760 - c1870) D.Coluccia The Second Industrial Revolution (Late 1800s and Early 1900s) D.Coluccia The 'Managerial Revolution', the Origin and Growth of Managerial Capitalism (From the 1930s to the End of the 1970s) G.Zanda The Appearance and Establishment of 'Financial Shareholding Managerial Capitalism' G.Zanda Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and Financial Crisis G.Oricchio Control of Intangible Resources and Corporate Management G.Zanda Ethical Foundations of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Contribution of Christian Social Thought H.Alford Patterns of Management and their Influence on Business Behavior S.Solimene Summary and Closing Remarks G.Zanda

The in much of classical economics was the notional end point of capitalist development, a stagnant, subsistencewage economy reached as profit rates declined to zero and consumption demand flagged. Its anticipation, underestimating the pace and power of technological progress and the scope for international trade and factor flows, was the reason Carlyle called economics the dismal science. The stationary state depicted by John Stuart Mill (1806-73) in thefamous chapter of his Principles of Political Economy reproduced below (Book IV, chapter 6) is of a somewhat different type, harking back to Plato as much as to Adam Smith. Growth of population and capital has halted, but not growth of productivity. Welfare can continue to improve indefinitely in both material and, especially, nonmaterial terms. Mill's Arcadia is that of the English country gentleman, albeit with a limited egalitarianism added, his concern with 'flowery wastes and wildlife a prefiguring of Sierra Club tracts. The contrast here is to views such as those of Bishop Berkeley, who (in Schumpeter's words) delighted in the vision of joyfully bustling multitudes'' (History of Economic Analysis, p. 257). (Britain at the time [1848] had little more than a third of its present population; London had some 2.3 million people.) But whatever one's desired level of bustle, Mill's concerns do raise the oddly neglected issue of what economic growth is for, once diminishing marginal utility of material consumption sets in. Mill's comments on the expansion of agriculture are pertinent today, in an era when international agencies indeed foresee (with equanimity, even with a sense of great accomplishment) every rood of land brought into cultivation. His calling attention to the modest impact that technological progress has on leisure also retains force, especially if nonmarket household production is properly attributed. The text is taken from the edition of the Principles edited by W. J. Ashley (London: Longmans, Green and Co.), first issued in 1909. Ashley largely follows the 7th edition (1871), the last published in Mill's lifetime, with sparing footnotes showing the chief textual changes since the first edition (1848). (A full variorum edition, identifying all such changes, appears as volumes 2 and 3 of Mill's Collected Works published by the University of Toronto Press, 1965.)

‘Sad Stories of the Death of Kings’: <i>The Hollow Crown</i> and the Shakespearean History Play on Screen

Brett Christophers The Great Leveler: Capitalism and Competition in the Court of Law, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016; 335 pp.: ISBN 9780674504912 There are few components of a capitalist society that penetrate as deeply and profoundly into the lives of the people as law. Whole swathes of social life, ranging from the labour-capital relationship, the make-up of the family, the regulation of crime and the relationship of citizens to one another and the state (to name a few) are structured and governed by the legal form. Capitalism is, in short, legalized to a degree that is historically unprecedented. Given this reality, it is both surprising and disappointing that sophisticated Marxist analyses of law are uncommon. Many attempts fall apart in the always-difficult exercise of articulating theoretical rigour with empirical sensitivity. Against this backdrop, Brett Christophers' The Great Leveler: Capitalism and Competition in the Court of Law stands out as a fine example of both the method and the fruits of a successful effort at such an articulation. Christophers posits from the outset that his book 'is about the role of the law in mediating and managing the relationship between the forces of competition and monopoly' (p. 6). Rebuffing the account of monopoly-capitalist scholars such as Foster and McChesney, Christophers, drawing upon the work of David Harvey, argues that capitalism is characterized by a monopoly-competition dialectic. Far from being separable and mutually exclusive elements within the capitalist mode of production, the organic, interpenetrative relationship of monopoly and competition instead helps constitute it, a reality Marx pithily grasped when he stated 'Monopoly produces competition, competition produces monopoly' (p. 10). The relationship between these two dialectically related impulses, however, is a fragile and unstable one, always threatening to throw capital accumulation into peril. There must be provisional efforts, therefore, at introducing stability into a deeply contradictory bond. Christophers acknowledges that he is not alone in this argument. The true innovation of this book is the way in which the law is posited and studied as 'the primary, necessarily mutable, instrument' (p. 15) in the attempt to maintain balance in the monopolycompetition dialectic. To this end, he studies the historical evolution of the two bodies of law most directly concerned with the monopoly-competition relationship: intellectual property (IP) and competition law respectively. This process of evolution is examined through the lens of two study countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, from roughly the late 19th century until the present day. Part I of the book (chapters 1-3) serves as the conceptual bedrock, with Christophers expanding upon the notion of monopoly and competition as a dialectically intertwined unity and exploring the ways in which IP and competition law perform the tasks of supporting this fragile unity, their 'leveling' work. In this context, he introduces the regulation approach, 'political economy's most concerted collective effort to theorize the regularizado!! and stabilization of capital accumulation and growth' (p. 65). Despite the obvious utility the regulation approach may have in understanding the evolution of the law, however, Christophers argues that this potential is largely untapped, due in no small part to a flaw shared with broader Marxist work: a fixation with production relations and a concomitant marginalization of the study of exchange and the differing configurations of monopolistic and competitive relationships framing it. The result, according to Christophers, is an inadequate account of economic laws, like IP and competition law, the primary interventions of which are precisely in the realm of exchange. Proceeding on the premise that exchange matters and deserves more focus than simply as a residue of production, Christophers moves to the historical analysis of his book in Part II (chapters 4-6). …

The exuberant thematic and conceptual diversity of Georges Bataille’s thought is informed by several common denominators. Perhaps the most important of these is the concept of a differentiation which produces excess. The figure of closure or unicity in Bataille’s text has two basic predicates: its inadequation to identity or self-coincidence and, correlative to this inadequation, its density or excessive force. The “general economy” of differentiation and individuation meditated by Bataille, is an economy whose principle is not totalization, but communication. The intensity of closure as an economic instance is, on one hand, the disturbance produced by its excess over its own integrity (a movement Bataille will eventually name transgression), and on the other hand a fundamental vulnerability with regard to the exteriority with which closure is essentially intricated (and this contamination or inextrication will be the principle of what Bataille will call expérience). The interval of separation produced by the general economy is not negativity. The “weakness” or “failure” of the negative, in Bataille, is the principle of closure’s excess and vulnerability. The conation of interiority or closure, in the general economy, is a paradoxical spasm “toward the outside”: a simultaneous explosion toward and invasion by the exterior. This dual dispossession is not, however, a simple destruction or dispersion of interiority. It is rather the economic investment of unicity itself, in its excessive and incomplete closure. The contamination which inclines interiority toward the exterior is the production of interiority by communication in Bataille. This contamination is also the production of subjectivity as a properly economic instance which appears in being on the basis of differentiation, rather than as a moment of manifestation, in a philosophical inspiration. The description of this communicationally defined subjectivity is the basic tendency of Bataille’s discursive practice.KeywordsCommon DenominatorBasic TendencyOntological DimensionEffective RealityIntentional MovementThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

In the last decade, greater than expected levels of genetic structure have been reported for many marine taxa with high dispersal capabilities. Although little-studied to date, it is predicted that taxa with poor dispersal abilities would exhibit even more genetic differentiation than high dispersal taxa. These systems may track biogeographical processes better than more dispersive taxa and, more critically, function as the 'lowest common denominators' in MPA design initiatives. We investigate phylogeographical patterns in the poorly dispersing, yet widely distributed Patelloida profunda group and related congeners across the Indo-west Pacific region. One hundred and twenty-five individuals were sequenced for COI mtDNA [593 base pairs (bp)] and 44 individuals were sequenced for 16S mtDNA (539 bp). Identified P. profunda group lineages are highly geographically structured, with 12 reciprocally monophyletic lineages reported from 13 localities. Divergences within Indian and Pacific basins range from d = 0.013 to 0.127 and between basins from d = 0.147 to 0.197. The latter split is ancient (> 15 Myr) and cannot be related to Plio-Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, characteristic of previously reported divergences in the same region. Juxtaposed against this structure is genetic connectivity between two widely separated P. profunda populations that share a common haplotype (phiST = 0.001). This finding contrasts with previous work in the same geographical region and cautions strongly against single taxon indicators for designing conservation priorities or marine protected areas (MPAs). Historical and/or biological factors may play more significant roles than oceanography alone in determining the genetic structuring of taxa. In light of these findings, we discuss the difficulty in deriving biogeographical process or directionality from phylogenetic trees in dispersal-driven systems. Even with a well-resolved, highly supported topology, many equally parsimonious scenarios are possible.

The present-day popular advocacy of the 'European public sphere' is not only a normative-theoretical endeavour, but largely also an expression of the general (political) dissatisfaction with a neoliberal domination of economy over other political issues essential for democratic citizenship in the 'New Europe', or a reaction to an imbalance between the intense economic and rather sloppy political integration, and the democratic deficit in the decision-making. The idea of a pan- European post-national political public (sphere) contains an enlightened humanist ideology focused on its emancipatory potential, but it may also denote the fabrication of a fictitious Europe of elites without citizens if not deep-rooted in the concept of the 'strong' public sphere. The genealogy of the 'public (sphere)' demonstrates that the contemporary concept should be considered neither selfevident nor coherent. The article relates the concept to its late-18th-century ancestors and delineates main currents of thought in the subsequent two centuries. The concept of the weak public sphere dominates both in theory and in empirical research, and thus also in many contemporary media-centred studies of the/a 'European public sphere', which tend to reduce its definition to 'the lowest common denominator'.

The National Weather Centre of Meteo-France has developed a tool to correct the state of the atmosphere, within the ARPEGE operational global model, by adjusting the potential vorticity in cases of disagreement between the initial condition and some available observations. Among them, data from geostationary satellites are the primary source of information. Tropopause coherent structures in the model can be assessed using ozone and water-vapour signatures that can be deduced from Meteosat data. The inversion of the modified potential vorticity provides a new spatial distribution of wind and temperature that can be used as a new initial state from which a new forecast run is possible. The weakness of this approach lies in its qualitative nature. We present a case of forecasting a storm (Klaus, January 24, 2009) where modif ications of an initial state by different experts show significant differences but nevertheless share some features. The structure called consensus – the lowest common denominator – is highlighted by principal component analysis. It represents about half of the variability carried by the various corrections. Besides the observed improvement of the forecast, the good agreement between the different modifications to the initial conditions demonstrates the robustness of the approach.

In the past decade, the genetic causes underlying familial forms of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, dominant optic atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A, neuropathy ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber's hereditary optic atrophy have been elucidated. However, the common pathogenic mechanisms of neuronal death are still largely unknown. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a potential 'lowest common denominator' linking these disorders. In this review, we discuss the body of evidence supporting the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the principal features of genetic diseases caused by abnormalities of mitochondrial proteins encoded by the mitochondrial or the nuclear genomes. We then address genetic diseases where mutant proteins are localized in multiple cell compartments, including mitochondria and where mitochondrial defects are likely to be directly caused by the mutant proteins. Finally, we describe examples of neurodegenerative disorders where mitochondrial dysfunction may be 'secondary' and probably concomitant with degenerative events in other cell organelles, but may still play an important role in the neuronal decay. Understanding the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration and its pathophysiological basis will significantly impact our ability to develop more effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

Defining cluttering: the lowest common denominator

This is a case study about the experiences of parents in seven families in Melbourne, Australia, who are raising their children bilingually. To become bilingual, a child must grow up in a bilingual environment (Chin & Wigglesworth, 2007) and in this study the lowest common denominator among participating families is the families’ two language contexts of English language outside home and the heritage language in the home. I personally share the same experience of raising children bilingually and being bilingual. Therefore, as the researcher, I have placed the story of my life within a story of the social context in which it occurs. Starting with the aim to explore why parents want to raise their children bilingually and how they do this, this study explores the parents’ understandings of culture and children’s bilingual identity, as the parents also raise the issue of the connection between language, culture, and identity. These issues cannot be separated from discussion of child development and parenting, as data draws on the complexity of the parent-child relationship. Parents’ perspectives about cultural identity that their bilingual children have show the complexities that the practice entails. Data is gathered from in-depth interviews with the participating parents who come from six different language backgrounds. The data is obtained from three-round interviews, with three-month intervals between interviews. The following themes emerged from the data: reasons for bilingual communication, the strategies that parents use in bilingual communication, the parents’ understandings about bilingualism and their experience of raising their children bilingually, and links between language, culture, identity, and religion. Many parents believe that they are maintaining the heritage culture when they maintain their heritage language, and that their children should be able to maintain their heritage cultural identity, which become the most dominant reason for their bilingual communication. The most common strategy used - One Context – One Language – is where parents speak their heritage language at home and expect the children to speak the same language, while outside home, the language spoken by the children is English. This one context – one language strategy is more complex than it seems; its complexity marked by the children’s language of choice in the home, which is dominantly English. Constructing an understanding about the practice of raising children bilingually, this study has established awareness that there are various ways in which bilingualism is practised. The discussion suggests that there is idiosyncrasy in parents looking at the phenomenon of raising children bilingually. In addition, their view about children’s cultural identity to one point does not correspond to children’s perception about cultural behaviour; a fact that makes children are considered to have improper attitude about their heritage culture.

David Bordwell’s confidence in the prevalence of continuity, not just within cinema but also amongst good cineastes, stems from a belief that, beneath the multiple interpretations of theory, there lie formal aspects, ‘nodal passages’, that all will commonly comprehend (beginnings and endings, plot points, what characters do, and so on). There is a lowest common denominator, so to speak, ‘structural and substantive aspects’ upon which critics ‘have reached consensus and from which they launch their various interpretations’, and it is this that will form the bedrock for any proper empirical study. Moreover, these commonalities can even stretch to the interpretations themselves in terms of their shared values of ‘plausibility’, or ‘notions of comprehension that members of all critical schools share’.2 These mutual values allow Bordwell to think of his approach as a research programme, a communal and scientific project open to debate and refutation, and built upon close observation of films and dialogue between film theorists.