The longitudinal course of pregnancy-related anxiety in parous and nulliparous women and its association with symptoms of social and generalized anxiety

Abstract

BackgroundThere is evidence that pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) has a negative impact on birth outcomes and infant development. However, little is known about worrisome levels and individual trajectories of PrA dimensions across pregnancy and their predictive factors, particularly the association of PrA with symptoms of social phobia (SP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). MethodsA sample of 180 pregnant women was assessed three times during pregnancy with the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2). Linear mixed model analyses were used to investigate the course of different PrA dimensions across pregnancy, and to relate PrA to symptoms of social and generalized anxiety. Additionally, distinct developmental patterns of PrA were explored by latent class growth analyses. ResultsWhile the PrA total score remained stable, the different dimensions of PrA varied significantly over time. After controlling for obstetric and sociodemographic factors as well as depression, perceived social support and self-efficacy, symptoms of SP significantly predicted higher levels of fear of childbirth, child-related worries and concerns about mother´s appearance. Symptoms of GAD predicted higher child-related worries. Moreover, two distinct groups of women with either consistently higher or lower PrA scores were identified. LimitationsOur results are limited due to the use of self-report questionnaires and would benefit from a larger sample size and replication in high-risk samples. ConclusionOur study suggests that a longitudinal and differentiated investigation of specific forms of prenatal anxiety may improve our understanding of women at high risk for PrA and promote the development of individualized forms of interventions initiated during pregnancy.