The long-term history of water infrastructure and cisterns on the First Hill of Byzantium

We construct a comprehensive data set of medium- and large-sized industrial firms and research universities in China and examine how Chinese firms’ commercialization of their technologies is related to their experience in industry-university collaboration (IUC). We propose that firms’ IUC experience constitutes an inimitable complementary asset that facilitates their technology commercialization. Our empirical analyses show that firms generate more new product sales and produce more product-oriented patents when they have more patents that are coassigned to universities or when they have more academic publications coauthored with university staff in the past. Such a relation is strengthened when firms have higher absorptive capacity, when firms are in industries that depend more on basic science, and when firms are located closer to their collaborating universities. Additional tests point out four channels through which firms’ IUC experience benefits their technology commercialization: knowledge acquisition, talent recruiting, direct technology transfers, and technological complementarity. This paper was accepted by Sridhar Tayur, entrepreneurship and innovation. Funding: D. H. Hsu acknowledges research support from the Mack Institute for Innovation Management at the University of Pennsylvania. P.-H. Hsu acknowledges the Yushan Fellow Program by the Ministry of Education and National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan [MOE-108-YSFMS-0004-012-P1, NSTC 113-2410-H-007-008-MY3, MOST 109-2628-H-007-001-MY4] and the E.SUN Academic Award. K. Zhou acknowledges research support from the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China [Grant 20&ZD103], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71991474] and the 111 Project of China [Grant D23001]. T. Zhou acknowledges research support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72003206]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00788 .

Fuel cells can be regarded as catalysed chemical reactors. They can therefore be highly sensitive to the purity of the relevant reagent, the fuel. The anode catalyst in the standard SOFC is a metal-ceramic composite characterised by rapid and significant deterioration of its activity when exposed to sulfur contaminants in the fuel, even in ppm. concentrations. However commercial hydrocarbon liquid fuels regularly contain some quantity of sulfur compounds as impurities, and sulfur compounds are even deliberately added as odorants for safety reasons in gaseous fuels. Therefore a desulfuriser unit is a normal subsystem in any SOFC installation. An anode with high intrinsic sulfur tolerance would clearly simplify SOFC system design, as well as offering lower capital and operation costs. In a technology transfer from petrochemicals practice, hydrodesulfurisation catalysts using heavy metals have been investigated and showed partial protection of the anode. However a recent observation established an even more effective desensitisation to sulfur of a Ni-YSZ cermet anode modified by an anionic activator.

This article explores the relationship between the growth of irrigation works, environmental change, and rural migration in western Mexico from 1940 to 1964. It begins by analyzing how Mexico’s expansion of hydraulic infrastructure facilitated the transfer of industrial agricultural technology through the US-based Rockefeller Foundation. US-sponsored technical assistance programs privileged irrigation- and input-intensive production, undermining traditional Mexican land tenure and agriculture regimes while industrializing and privatizing natural resources. These processes altered rural livelihoods and landscapes in western Mexico, intensifying migratory flows already amplified by the Bracero Program. By examining the origins of western Mexico’s deeply rooted culture of migration through an environmental and technical lens, this article reframes conventional socioeconomic and political understandings of Mexican migrancy, revealing the essential roles of the natural and built environments in the growth of a mass phenomenon that dominates US-Mexican relations today.

<p>Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), a component of the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), is the equilibrated product of dense overflow into the eastern North Atlantic basin.  Modeling results and recent observations have suggested that a significant westward transport of ISOW (~1x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>) may occur through the Bight Fracture Zone (BFZ) near 57°N, the first major channel through the Reykjanes Ridge where ISOW can cross into the Irminger Sea.  The remaining denser (and deeper) ISOW has been shown to leave the Iceland Basin westward via the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone near 53°N, or southward into the West European Basin. Until now, there have been no measured time series in the BFZ to validate model results. Single moorings placed in the north and south channels of the BFZ from summer 2015 to summer 2017 were used to estimate a mean combined transport across the fracture zone of 0.8 ± 0.4 x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> westward, with each channel contributing about half of the mean transport. Variability between the two channels on shorter (month-long) times scales can be extreme: in March of 2016, for example, north channel transport was ~0.4 x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> eastward, while south channel transport was ~0.8 x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> westward.  For this 2-year period, transport is stronger in the summer (0.9-1.2 x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>) than in winter (0.5-0.7 x10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>), where large fluctuations including complete reversals suggest transport variability may be affected by winter storms.  This mooring record also shows a fresh anomaly in ISOW beginning in early 2017, which has been shown by others to originate from the surface waters near the Grand Banks region of the western north Atlantic.  Transport variability in this two-year record is examined in the context of the transport variability of the OSNAP mooring arrays on the east and west flanks of the Reykjanes Ridge just north of BFZ during the same time period.  An observationally-based understanding of how the Iceland and Irminger basins communicate with each other via the deep limb of the AMOC through the BFZ will provide fundamental insight into the pathways and processes that define the subpolar AMOC system.</p>

Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer and chronic infection is an emerging field that shows promise in recent trials. Synthetic-biology-based engineering of T lymphocytes to express high-affinity antigen receptors can overcome immune tolerance, which has been a major limitation of previous immunotherapy-based strategies. Advances in cell engineering and culture approaches to enable efficient gene transfer and ex vivo cell expansion have facilitated broader evaluation of this technology, moving adoptive transfer from a "boutique"’ application to the cusp of a mainstream technology. Recent observations from ongoing clinical trials in patients with leukemia and carcinomas will be discussed. The major scientific challenge currently facing the field is identification of cancer specific targets to avoid on-target, off-tissue toxicity. As the field of adoptive transfer technology matures, the major engineering challenge is the development of automated cell culture systems, so that the approach can extend beyond specialized academic centers and become widely available. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL07-04. Citation Format: Carl H. June. Engineered T cell transfer for cancer immunotherapy in the era of synthetic biology: Challenges and opportunities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL07-04.

ABSTRACTEcotourism contains the integration from ecological integrity and economic benefits to environmental and historically sensitive areas. One of the major keys of ecotourism-planning strategies is to ensure the sustainability of unique natural and cultural resources by a balance strategy between protection and use. It causes both the increase of the ecotourism awareness of local people and visitors and the decrease of the environmental problems and visitor pressures on the landscape resources of potential ecotourism areas. For this reason, the study presents the example of Iznik which is an ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman city of Nicaea with its lake, historical walls and gates, churches and early-period mosques, ceramic tiles, and agricultural activities on the southeast of Marmara Region, Turkey. It has been declared to have a different protected area status. However, the number of unsuitable management and uncontrolled economic activities has caused damage to sensitive landscape values. The aim of this research is to define ecotourism criteria for Iznik and it offers ecotourism strategies for the sustainability of sensitive landscape areas. Fieldwork, field observation, interviews and survey study with integrated multiple-criteria decision analysis and strengths-weakness-opportunities-threats (SWOT) analysis conducted with locals, tourists and experts were performed for this purpose. According to the results, among the 4 main and 15 sub-criteria of ecotourism to be in UNESCO Tentative List, the opportunity for ecotourism-planning strategy was found as the highest priority ranking. This research proposes a framework by using a priority-ranking method for the development of ecotourism strategies in the town.

In Spain, hydraulic infrastructure in the form of Interbasin Water Transfers and irrigation technology in the form of drip irrigation are two examples of projects whose underlying principles have been justified by powerful actors and the State, and these principles have become common sense. In this article, I situate these two examples within a hydrosocial territory lens to understand the common senses justifying interbasin water transfers and drip irrigation, and how they serve as hegemonic projects that govern and dominate irrigators and their territories. I argue that hegemony materializes through the performance of common senses underpinning these projects, though these shift, adapt, and fall out of favour either to new, emergent hegemonies or to good senses that reveal the contradictions of hegemonic concepts. I mobilise this argument to characterize three territories that are interconnected by the Tagus-Segura Interbasin Water Transfer in Spain, and which differentially experience the spread of drip irrigation as hegemonic core, hegemonic frontier and counterhegemonic hydrosocial territories. Through their histories, experiences and practices, these territories transform and are transformed by webs of domination and resistance within hegemonies’ search for unquestioned, consented governance.

Research priorities in epilepsy for the next decade—A representative view of the European scientific community: Summary of the ILAE Epilepsy Research Workshop, Brussels, 17–18 January 2008

Deciphering the palimpsest structure of a city is an effective means of discovering the processes that underlie its physical character. Aleppo in the south-eastern part of the Mediterranean basin, was built incrementally following principles that endured over a long period. Its stone-based building technology has produced such permanent urban forms that its urban landscape is a palimpsest of an urban development from an initially spontaneous settlement, adapted to regional, and later, imperial urban standards (Hellenistic and Roman-Byzantine) and finally becoming part of a local dialectical process that led the city to develop an individual urban form from Umayyad times onwards. In Aleppo, it is impossible to understand the structure of the urban fabric of the medieval Islamic and Ottoman city without taking into account the role played by the substratum of the Hellenistic-Roman- Byzantine city in its conformation.

This study describes the application of a water run-off model for Lake Santa Ana, Mexico, developed through the combined application of two simulation models: the Watershed Modelling System (WMS) and the Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). The WMS was used to estimate the geometric parameters of the hydrographic basin from a digital elevation model and geographical information describing the location of the hydraulic infrastructure developed in the basin in recent years. The HEC-HMS was used to estimate the run-off hydrographs, by using historical rainfall data and calibrating the model with the observed hydrometric data. The lake bathymetry was taken into account in order to estimate the lake's water balance. Recent observations indicate that anthropogenic activities have modified the natural run-off features of the lake basin. The magnitude of these modifications was estimated by linking the WMS and HEC-HMS models. Application of these linked tools allowed the successful estimation of the modified basin limits and hydraulic behaviour of Lake Santa Ana.

Energy leapfrogging may have critical implications for a world that seeks to reduce its fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, and in which most future economic growth will be concentrated in rapidly growing, industrializing countries rather than in more mature economies. The current paper explores whether country-level data supports the conclusion that developing countries have lower energy intensities today than mature economies had in decades past when those mature economies had per capita income levels similar to those of developing countries now. We employ a broad sample of aggregate energy consumption, energy prices, and economic growth observations for 26/27 OECD and 34 non-OECD countries, spanning 1960-2016. Our price dataset is particularly novel in two ways: it includes (1) early industrializer-OECD observations from the 1960s and 1970s, and (2) a high number of recent (2007-2016) non-OECD observations. And thus, importantly, our work differs from previous estimates in the temporal comparison between mature and industrializing groups. Our study finds empirical support for energy leapfrogging, expressed as the energy intensity of income growth; we show that industrializing economies are adopting less energy-intensive, and by implication less polluting, economic activities when their income levels reach the same per-capita GDP levels as the more mature OECD countries did in previous decades. Importantly, our results depend upon (i) the controls placed on income levels to represent comparable stages of economic development, and (ii) the rules defining the temporal dimension for technology transfer. Our results have significant implications for researchers and policy analysts interested in economic development: those results support previous analysis, concluding not only that energy technologies are being transferred internationally, but that technologies are reducing the energy, and by implication the climate footprint of many developing countries. For example, a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggested that energy leapfrogging lowered the growth rate of energy consumption by about 35% in non-OECD countries.

There’s Technology Improvement, but is there Economy-wide Energy Leapfrogging? A Country Panel Analysis

Nuclear transfer technologies: between successes and doubts

71 Recent observations suggest that AT 2 R have a role in the counter-regulatory actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) in cardiovascular protection and angiogenesis. The objective of the current investigation was to provide evidence for this cardioprotective action of AT 2 R by utilizing antisense gene transfer technology in normotensive rats. A retroviral vector containing full length AT 2 receptor antisense cDNA (LNSV-AT 2 R-AS) or missense (LNSV-AT 2 R-MS) was constructed. The LNSV-AT 2 R-AS viral particles were highly efficient in the transduction of AT 2 R-AS in vitro . The efficacy and effectiveness of this transduction was demonstrated by the long-lasting expression of AT 2 R-AS transcript and a decrease in AT 2 R binding. In vivo administration of LNSV-AT 2 R-AS resulted in similar findings. Five-day old normotensive Sprague Dawley rats received a single intracardiac bolus (25 μl) administration of LNSV-AT 2 R-AS viral particles (1x10 9 cfu/ml), which resulted in a robust expression of AT 2 R-AS transcript in tissues such as heart, kidney, adrenals and brain as early as five days post-delivery. Control rats received either LNSV alone or LNSV-AT 2 R-MS under identical conditions. The expression of AT 2 R-AS was persistent through adulthood indicating a high degree of transgene transduction in vivo . Mean blood pressure (BP) was elevated in the adult LNSV-AT 2 R-AS-treated rats when compared to the age-matched LNSV-AT 2 R-MS or control rats (123±5 mmHg vs. 100±9 mmHg). In addition, the pressor responses produced by Ang I and Ang II were enhanced in the LNSV-AT 2 R-AS- treated rats. For example, administration of 0.1 μg/Kg Ang I elicited a maximal increase in BP of 35±6 mmHg in the LNSV-AT 2 R-AS-treated rats compared to an increase of 23±6 mmHg in the LNSV-AT 2 R-MS. These observations demonstrate for the first time, that persistant inhibition of AT 2 R in normotensive rats influence cardiovascular responsiveness. Collectively, these data suggest that use of the AT 1 receptor antagonist-based therapy, with the resultant increase in Ang II levels, might provide additional benefit to the hypertensive patient via increased AT 2 R stimulation.

Tiwanaku is an Archaeological World Heritage Site, located at an elevation of 3,885 m.a.s.l., south of Lake Titicaca (La Paz), in the high plateau region of Bolivia. The present paper reports the actions carried out in the frame of the project: “Preservacion y conservacion de Tiwanaku y la piramide de Akapana, Bolivia”. The consultancy was requested by UNESCO Office in Quito, following previous activities conducted since 2010 and directly by the CIAAAT. During the first mission in the archaeological site of Tiwanaku (from 9 to 16 May 2016), an interdisciplinary team, carried out the preliminary diagnosis concerning the geotechnical processes affecting the Akapana pyramid. After that, another filed mission was carried out in order to implement a general master plan of actions aimed at the conservation and risk reduction of the whole pyramid. For this scope during 2017 two different field survey were carried out. Main scope of the activities was: (i) prepare and develop a long term executive full proposal conservation project for the Pyramid; (ii) implement a Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) survey in order to produce a very detail topographical setting of the whole pyramid; (iii) collect core drilling samples in the Akapana pyramid for laboratory analysis; (iv) perform stability analysis 3D Model; (v) identify mitigation measures for a test site. After the summer 2017 field mission, the main topographical outcomes of the TLS survey were elaborated, incorporated and adopted for the implementation a pilot project of mitigation measures. Final design has been implemented along the east flank of the pyramid, and support was given to. local authorities and workers during all the mitigation measures implementation.KeywordsAkapanaCultural heritageErosionMitigationRisk