The Local Wisdom of Tuk Serco in Protecting Water Sources to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change in Kendal Regency

There is a growing concern on a global scale that the world should transition towards the utilisation of energy-efficient technologies. Hydropower plays a very significant part in the fight against climate change, and as a result, it lessens the impact that climate changewill have on our ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Both the effectiveness of hydropower generation and the amount of streamflow are impacted by climate change as well as land use and land cover (LULC). Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review on the topic of the past and future effects of climate, land use, and land cover changes on hydropower generation. This review will be based on the entries found in a number of reliable databases. A systematic literature review was carried out to analyse how LULC and climate change will affect hydropower generation and development. The research was based on 158 pieces of relevant literature that had been reviewed by experts and indexed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The review was carried out to determine three goals in mind: the impact of climate change on hydropower generation and development; the impact of climate change on streamflow; and the combined impact of changes in climate and changes in LULC on hydropower. The findings bring to light the primary factors contributing to climate change as well as shifts in LULC which are essential to the generation of hydropower on all scales. The study identifies factors such as precipitation, temperature, floods, and droughts as examples of climate change. Deforestation, afforestation, and urbanisation are identified as the primary causes of changes in LULC over the past several decades. These changes have a negative impact on the generation and development of hydropower.

Beside land use change, future climate change potentially alters streamflow fluctuation of a river basin in Indonesia. We investigated relative impact of changes in climate and land use on the streamflow fluctuation of a watershed for future condition (2025). To account for the climate change, we simulated future rainfall and temperature scenarios using the downscaled rainfall and mean surface temperature of 24 CMIP5 GCM outputs with moderate scenario of RCP4.5. We used distributed hydrologic model (SWAT) to simulate relative impact of changes in climate and plantation expansion on the future streamflow fluctuation. The SWAT model performed well with the Nash-Sutcliff efficiency values of 0.80-0.85 (calibration) and 0.84-0.86 (validation). The results indicated that the climate change caused 32% decrease of the low flows during dry season and 96% increase of the flooding peak discharge during rainy season. Meanwhile, the plantation expansion led to 40% decrease of the low flow in the dry season and 65% increase of the flooding peak discharge in wet season. Both changes indicated strong impact on the extreme events such as flooding peak discharge and low flows. The impact of the climate change on the increased peak discharge was stronger compared to that of land use change. Meanwhile, the impact of the land use change on the low flow was stronger compared to that of the climate change. The results of this study pointed out that both climate change and the plantation expansion potentially become crucial factors for the future water security in Indonesia.

This article discusses how climate changes are intersecting with other environmental and social pressures to affect farmers in the Lombardy region of the central Italian Alps. Alpine areas are particularly susceptible to climate change. Natural sciences studies have documented widespread changes to weather, landscapes, and ecosystems in the Alps caused by climate and social changes, yet studies of the impact of the changes on Alpine farmers and farming practices are limited. Through semi‐structured interviews and participant observation with 40 farmers, the study demonstrates that farmers have noticed changes to the weather, ecosystems, and landscapes caused by climate and social changes. The changes are both directly affecting farming practices and intersecting with other pressures facing mountain farmers. The impact of climate change on Alpine farms varies—across even short distances—depending on the microenvironment and microclimate of the farm, the farm's degree of market integration, the personal characteristics of individual farmers, the type of agricultural activities practised, and the unique social history of the valleys under study. The article provides a window into small‐scale farming in the Alps today. As farmers respond to climate changes, they do so in a context where they are also facing myriad other challenges, some more pressing than climate change. Climate policies and programs should recognise these simultaneous challenges and be flexible to local differences in the impact of and farmer responses to change.

78.2 Impact of Climate Change on the Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Communities in Australia

Impacts of future climate change on rice yield based on crop model simulation—A meta-analysis

Quantitatively projecting the impact of future climate change on the socio-economy and exploring its internal mechanism are of great practical significance to adapt to climate change and prevent climate risks. Based on the economy-climate (C-D-C) model, this paper introduces a yield impact of climate change (YICC) model that can quantitatively project the climate change impact. The model is based on the YICC as its core concept and uses the impact ratio of climate change (IRCC) indicator to assess the response of the economic system to climate change over a long period of time. The YICC is defined as the difference between the economic output under changing climate condition and that under assumed invariant climate condition. The IRCC not only reflects the sensitivity of economic output to climate change but also reveals the mechanism of the nonlinear interaction between climate change and non-climatic factors on the socio-economic system. Using the main grain-producing areas in China as a case study, we use the data of the ensemble average of 5 GCMs in CMIP6 to project the possible impact of climate change on grain production in the next 15–30 years under three future scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5). The results indicate that the long-term climate change in the future will have a restraining effect on production in North region and enhance production in South region. From 2021 to 2035, climate change will reduce production by 0.60–2.09% in North region, and increase production by 1.80–9.01% in South region under three future scenarios. From 2021 to 2050, compared with the climate change impact in 2021–2035, the negative impact of climate change on production in North region will weaken, and the positive impact on production in South region will enhance with the increase in emission concentration. Among them, climate change will reduce grain output in North region by 0.52–1.99%, and increase output in South region by 1.35–9.56% under the three future scenarios. The combination of economic results and climate change research is expected to provide scientific support for further revealing the economic mechanism of climate change impacts.

The impact of urban growth and climate change on heat stress in a sub-tropical Australian city

IntroductionClimate change's severe impact on human health is becoming increasingly evident, particularly for vulnerable populations with serious illnesses. Climate-related extreme weather events are expected to increase demand for hospice and palliative care due to rising respiratory illnesses, heat-related issues, waterborne diseases, and aggravated chronic conditions. Our scoping review aimed to investigate the existing literature on climate change's impact on hospice and palliative medicine (HPM). MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search across various databases (e.g., Medline, EMbase, Web of Science, and Cochrane) using predefined climate change and HPM terms, resulting in 382 records. Following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 44 articles were selected for full-text review, and 20 were included for final analysis. In light of the limited literature on climate change's impact on HPM, we also sought narratives from HPM practitioners from across the world on their experiences in a changing climate. ResultsSix major themes emerged: 1) The impact of climate change on HPM in low-income countries; 2) Descriptive pieces on climate change, climate disasters, and HPM; 3) Morbidity and mortality after climate disasters in the seriously ill population; 4) Discussion of euthanasia during climate disasters; 5) Recommendations and frameworks for disaster response in the field of HPM; 6) Carbon footprint of hospices. Additionally, narratives from HPM practitioners highlighted the disruptive effects of climate disasters on seriously ill patients and their caregivers as disasters caused care interruptions, reduced access to crucial health infrastructure, exacerbations of illness, accelerated disease progression, and increased morbidity and mortality. ConclusionExisting research on climate change's impact on HPM is primarily anecdotal and descriptive, with a focus on climate-related disasters. Narratives from HPM practitioners worldwide underscore the disproportionate impact of climate disasters on seriously ill patients. Further research is necessary to comprehensively understand climate's intricate effects on HPM and to assess adaptable, mitigative, and resilient solutions against its adverse impacts.

Malaria is a serious global health issue, resulting in an estimated 219 million cases and 660,000 deaths in 2010, many of them in Africa.1 Malaria transmission is tied closely to environmental variables such as rainfall and temperature—even when there’s plenty of rainfall to produce breeding pools for the Anopheles mosquitoes that spread malaria, hot temperatures can hamper mosquito development.2 Some early projections predicted that climate change would cause an increase in malaria cases,3 but more recent reports suggest it’s more likely that cases will shift in their distribution rather than rise overall.4 In this issue of EHP investigators at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) report their projections, using a new modeling tool, that there probably will not be a significant increase in malaria prevalence in West Africa, even during a worst-case scenario of increased rainfall in the region.5 The authors used the Hydrology, Entomology, and Malaria Transmission Simulator (HYDREMATS) to estimate the impact of climate change on malaria transmission in West Africa. HYDREMATS is a combined hydrology and entomology model of malaria transmission developed at MIT by coauthor Elfatih A.B. Eltahir, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and former graduate student Arne Bomblies, now an assistant professor at the University of Vermont. The model uses high-resolution data on environmental variables including rainfall, temperature, topography, and soil conditions to model ephemeral breeding pools that form during intense rains. The model also tracks the simulated behavior of individual mosquitoes as they interact with their environment. The researchers used current climate data to model vectorial capacity, a measure of how efficiently mosquitoes spread malaria. They then looked at climate predictions for the time period 2080–2099 and determined which combination of temperature and rainfall changes corresponded to best- and worst-case scenarios in terms of malaria transmission. They conducted simulations using the best- and worst-case climate projections to predict vectorial capacity under each new scenario. The model did not include changes in malaria transmission due to interventions such as spraying, mosquito netting, and preventive medications. Figure 1 A child with malaria receives care in Sierra Leone. This country lies in a part of West Africa that is already saturated with malaria, and prevalence is not projected to increase with climate change. Figure 1 An ephemeral pool in Niger provides a perfect breeding site for Anopheles mosquitoes. This and other northern parts of West Africa could become too hot to sustain malaria. The northernmost areas studied are currently too dry and warm for effective malaria transmission. According to the model, they could become more suitable only if the climate becomes substantially wetter, but even then high temperatures likely would prohibit sustained transmission. The middle areas are expected to see a decrease in suitability for malaria transmission even under the wettest predictions of future climate. Southern areas could become even more suitable for transmission, but the persistent prevalence of malaria in these areas means a rise in cases is unlikely unless many people immigrate. Therefore, the investigators conclude, it appears unlikely, on the basis of this model, that climate change will increase malaria transmission in West Africa.5 “The main advantage of our malaria transmission model is that it provides a more detailed and direct relationship among environmental variables and malaria transmission than previous models,” says coauthor Teresa K. Yamana, a PhD student. “This is especially true for rainfall, because the timing of rain is just as important as the amount of rain. For example, more puddles form if there’s a big storm compared to if the same amount of rain falls over the course of several days.” Another strength of the study is its consideration of a wide range of climate predictions. Yamana explains that climate impact studies may be based on the climate predictions of a single model without knowing whether that model accurately represents the region of interest. Others average the predictions made by multiple models, but this is not a good strategy in the case of West Africa: “Half of the predictions say the climate will be wetter, half say it will be drier,6” she says, “so the average is something close to no change in rainfall—this could end up being very far from the truth.” Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, is impressed by the researchers’ modeling because it “included a range of best- and worst-case scenarios to avoid bias. They also considered both temperature and rainfall, essential for malaria estimates.” He says, “Their findings are consistent with expectations that temperature projections alone explain only a part of malaria risk, and disease risk will considerably depend on rainfall and other environmental factors, particularly hydrological dynamics that vary by location.”

The socioeconomic costs of floods, droughts, and water scarcity in the years 2030 and 2095 are examined under three climate scenarios: continuation of the current climate and two climate-change scenarios based on projections from the respective results of the Canadian and Hadley general circulation models. Measures of the adequacy of water supplies to meet both withdrawal and instream uses under current and future conditions are developed for the 18 major water resources regions and 99 assessment subregions in the conterminous United States. Past and likely future changes in the infrastructure available to control and distribute water, the costs of nontraditional sources of supply, water management practices, conservation opportunities, the nature of the economy, slack in the water supply system, and institutions influencing water use are examined and provide the basis for evaluating the impacts of changes in both climate and non-climate factors on U.S. water resources. The impacts of the climate changes are calculated as the changes in the costs of maintaining the projected no-climate change, non-irrigation off-stream water uses with the climate-altered supplies. The costs and benefits are estimated under three alternative management strategies that differ in the protection provided for stream-flows and irrigation. The results support several general conclusions. First, a greenhouse warming could have major impacts on the future costs of floods, droughts, and balancing water demands and supplies. Second, the contrasting hydrologic implications of the Canadian and Hadley climate models indicate that the magnitude as well as the direction of these impacts are uncertain and likely to vary significantly among water resources regions. Third, there are many oppor-tunities to adapt to changing hydrological conditions, and the net costs are particularly sensitive to the institutions that determine how the resource is managed and allocated among users. This report was prepared as part of the Water Assessment Sector Team’s contribution to the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Nation being conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The climate-change scenarios used in this report were developed for use in the National Assessment.

The impact of climate change on the hydrosphere is explored in this book, with particular emphasis on the impacts that warming has on inland water bodies, particularly lakes. Divided into three parts, this collection of chapters draws on contributions from the World Water and Climate Network with emphasis on the physical, biogeochemical and ecological consequences of climate change. Part one comprises of regional reviews and local case studies of the impacts of changing climates with 20 chapters that are organised broadly from north to south. The section starts with an excellent overview of the impact of climate change on the pan-Arctic watersheds and hydrology and the impact of this changing hydroclimatology on the lakes and wetlands of the Arctic. Case studies include detailed assessments of the changes to lake stratification and mixing as a result of warming air temperatures in temperate zones (e.g. Eurasia, Japan, Europe, USA), as well as in sub to tropical zones (e.g. Amazon basin, African great lakes) and polar regions (Arctic and maritime Antarctic). Much of these case studies focus on the role of changing thermal conditions in lakes and the potential ecological changes in fauna, for example, the rise of cyanobacteria in tropical lakes and the decline of Daphnia in temperate lakes. Part two is comprised of two chapters that consider the impacts on societies: first, the nomadic peoples of Mongolia’s response to climate change (chapter 21), and second, planning responses to manage the effects of climate change within the 10 biggest megacities (chapter 22). Part three considers mitigation approaches and is comprised of three chapters, including hydrological modelling, radical ideas for ameliorating the effects of warming using different strategies to disperse heat in aquatic ecosystems and the potential use of electrolysis for oxygenating dead zones. Much of the emphasis of this book is given over to lakes, with considerably less content on wetlands; however, there is an excellent regional review of the wetlands of the prairie lands of North America (chapter 13). Similarly, there are only a few chapters that detail the impacts on rivers, with two chapters considering the impacts of changing climates on the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China (chapters 4 and 5), and the challenges of using hydrological modelling coupled with global climate models (GCMs) as a management tool, and some of difficulties in downscaling GCM outputs and their lack of sensitivity to decadal and shortterm modelling scenarios (chapter 23). Local readers will find the chapter on New Zealand lakes (chapter 19) to be particularly useful as it includes a broad overview of the state of the country’s lakes and considers several local case studies. One aspect that is particularly interesting in this book is that the impacts of climate change and the rates of change vary considerably between geographic case studies, with New Zealand standing out as one of the few areas where, to date, there has been little change in the thermal strata of the lakes, unlike the examples from Europe (chapter 12) and Africa (chapter 18). The strengths of this book are chapters that examine perspectives on the impacts of climate change on regional areas, including the Arctic, African Great Lakes, North American Prairie lands, Denmark and New Zealand. These chapters provide excellent narratives on the complex interrelations between climate, hydrology and ecosystems, and evidence of changes in biological, physical and biogeochemical indicators. Many chapters suggest areas of future work, including urgent and renewed investment in monitoring, as well as innovative ideas for slowing, and even reversing the effects of bs_bs_banner

Uniting the Global Gastroenterology Community to Meet the Challenge of Climate Change and Non-Recyclable Waste

Flood disasters in urban areas have become a frequent occurrence, especially in cities with high activities. The climate change phenomenon marked by increased rainfall also triggers the risk of flooding in urban areas. The flood disaster also occurred in the Kaliwungu District, which is one of the urban areas in the Kendal Regency, Central Java Province. The causes of flooding in urban areas is the failure of the drainage system to accommodate flood overflows. System failure in urban areas can affect the functioning of all systems in urban areas. This is supported by the high complexity of the urban system that influences each other, there are physical, social, and economic components of the community. There are two main questions in this research, namely “What forms the relationship between urban systems and disaster risk management?” and “How are urban systems and disaster risk management related to reducing flood disasters? So the aim this research is achieved of this study is to examine the relationship between urban systems and disaster risk management in an effort to reduce flood disasters. This research uses a descriptive case study method, which is based on qualitative material from various sources, including scientific articles, observation of the study site, and in-depth interviews. This study seeks to reveal the relationship between urban systems and flood risk management. The thing that links between urban systems and flood risk management is the main role of urban system functions in efforts to reduce flood disasters through comprehensive and complex disaster risk management. Thus, the urban system and disaster risk management must be interrelated in the preparation of urban spatial plans.

In this paper, the impact of climate change on thermal climate zones was reported by using more recent weather data published by the China’s National Climate Center. The impact of these changes on current building energy standards was also investigated. To quantitatively analyse the potential impact of these changes on building energy consumption, building energy simulation techniques were used. This study has found that 27 of the 200 cities investigated in this analysis are assigned to new thermal climate zones, and most of these cities have shifted into a warmer climate zone. Three cities shift into uncategorized zone. According to the building energy standards for residential buildings, the maximum U-factor allowed for building envelope will increase and overall shading coefficient allowed for windows will decrease when the city is reassigned into a warmer zone. The simulation results show that it will generally have an adverse effect on building energy savings for residential buildings. The outcomes of this study reveal that current thermal climate zones cannot provide an adequate instruction for building energy efficiency and updating building energy standards, and thermal climate zones is necessary in future.

A meta-analysis of the possible impact of climate change on global cotton yield based on crop simulation approaches