Abstract
<p class="Abstract">fires in Indonesia. About thirty percent of the total fires are spread in Central Kalimantan Province. Symptoms of climate change in the form of increasingly frequent weather and extreme climate phenomena support the severity of forest and land fires which results in increased release of air pollution gases. In 2015, the peak fire months had emitted a high concentration of air pollutant gasses and causes hazardous air pollution. This study aims to investigate the latest severe fire occurrence and haze conditions in Central Kalimantan. Hotspot data was from 2006 to 2017, visibility data were from four times of El Niño event, Particle Matter Size 10 (PM 10) data and Pollution Standard Index (PSI) was from very strong El Niño in 2015 comparison to La Niña in 2016/2017. The results showed that the top incidents occurred not only very strong in 2015 but also weak El Niño in 2006. The most of dense hotspots density in the last twelve years (&gt; 50% of fires in the area) found in peatlands in Pulang Pisau, Palangka Raya and Kapuas. Palangka Raya's case, dangerous of APSI with PM10 concentrations of more than 500 µg m-3 occurred for 2 (two) months, from the end of August to the early of November 2015. The maximum peak concentration of PM10 is as high as 3000 μg m-3, which is higher than other fire years. Based on the data obtained, the haze was blanketed Palangka Raya was getting thicker at the end of October. As a result, visibility is decreasingly limited, only around 200 to 900 m during the peak season and air pollution-related-peat fire. Thus, this severe condition could rose multiple effects, which will exacerbate climate change, environmental sustainability and the livelihoods of thousands of peoples.</p>
Highlights
Visibility, Particle Matter Size 10 (PM 10) and Air Pollution Standard Index (PSI) data was from El Niño in 2014/2015 comparison to La Niña in 2016/2017
The results showed that the top incidents in peatland occurred very strong in 2015 and weak El Niño in 2006
The haze condition in Palangka Raya was getting thicker at the end of October
Summary
Central Kalimantan has the largest areas of tropical peatland in Indonesia covering an area of about 2 million ha (Wetland, 2004). This area has accumulated organic carbon and acted as a carbon sink. In 1996/1997, more than one million ha of peat swamp forest (hereafter PSF) of Central Kalimantan has drained by drainage channels for conversion to agricultural land under the Mega Rice Project (hereafter MRP). The effect was a lowering of ground water levels (hereafter GWL), mainly in the following dry season, that are a cause of severe forest and land fires. There is evidence that a slice of forests near the Sebangau National Park in the part of the MRP disappeared in connection with the dense hotspots in 2006. The highest numbers of fire occurrence prior to 2018 in this province have been recorded in the years of El Niño (Putra & Hayasaka, 2011; Yulianti & Hayasaka, 2013; Hayasaka & Sepriando, 2018)
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