The Linguistic Representations of the Moroccan Outstretched Hand Policy in Diplomatic Relations with Algeria in Light of Fairclough's Model

This study examines the linguistic features in reader comments on Wattpad romance stories that construct the emotion of kilig. It focuses on two main questions: (1) What linguistic features (phonology, morphology, semantics) express kilig in comments, and how do they shape readers’ emotional experiences? (2) How is kilig portrayed as a Filipino emotion, and how does it influence readers’ emotional engagement? Using purposive sampling and textual analysis, the study investigates three completed Wattpad romance stories, emphasizing reader comments. Results show that phonological features like onomatopoeia and sound exaggeration, morphological elements like codeswitching and slang, and semantic features such as hyperbole and indirect attraction contribute to kilig. Emojis enhance emotional expression. Kilig as a cultural expression plays a key role in shaping readers’ emotional involvement by incorporating Filipino language, cultural nuances, and semiotic elements. This creates a sense of familiarity and emotional resonance, making kilig moments impactful. These linguistic and semiotic features reflect Filipino cultural ways of expressing emotions, with kilig's unique blend of excitement, joy, and playfulness captured through exaggeration, codeswitching, and local slang. Emojis, a part of digital communication, further connect with contemporary Filipino culture.

Background: Distal radius fractures are among the most frequently encountered orthopedic injuries, particularly affecting children, adolescents, and elderly individuals due to falls on an outstretched hand (FOOSH). These fractures can severely impair wrist function and require timely and effective intervention. Volar locking plate fixation has emerged as a preferred surgical technique for managing displaced intra-articular fractures due to its superior biomechanical stability and ability to maintain fracture reduction. Despite its widespread use, limited local data exists on functional outcomes, especially in adult populations. Objective: To evaluate the functional outcomes of volar locking plate fixation in adult patients with displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. Methods: This prospective descriptive study was conducted over a six-month period at the Orthopedic Department of Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar. A total of 97 adult patients aged between 18 and 70 years with radiologically confirmed displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients with open fractures, ipsilateral upper limb involvement, or pre-existing deformities were excluded. All patients underwent fixation with a volar locking plate under general anesthesia. Functional recovery was assessed at 10 weeks postoperatively using the DASH questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, with descriptive and inferential statistics applied, including stratification by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and BMI. Results: The mean DASH score was 28.6 ± 8.3. A total of 45 patients (46.4%) had excellent outcomes, 30 (30.9%) had good outcomes, 15 (15.5%) had fair outcomes, and 7 (7.2%) had poor outcomes. Younger age and higher socioeconomic status were significantly associated with better outcomes. Minor complications included transient median nerve irritation in 5 patients (5.2%), superficial infections in 3 (3.1%), and plate loosening in 1 patient (1.0%). Conclusion: Volar locking plate fixation is a safe and effective treatment for displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures in adults, offering favorable functional outcomes and low complication rates. Tailored rehabilitation based on individual patient characteristics can further enhance recovery.

‘Represented perception’: A study in narrative style

This study aimed at providing a broader understanding of how diplomatic relations and resource sharing affect conflict management of nations like South Sudan . The objectives of the study were to examine the relationship between Diplomatic relations and Conflict management in Juba County, analyse the relationship between Resource sharing and Conflict management in Juba County and to study the factor structure of Diplomatic relations and Resource sharing on Conflict management in Juba County. The study employed a case study and descriptive design while using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study population was 348, selected using purposive and simple random sampling technique. The sample size determination was made using Krejcie and Morgan Table (1970) formula. The sample size was 213. The data analysis was made using Statistical package for social scientists (SPSS 18). The major findings of the study were that there was a positive relationship between; Diplomatic relations and Conflict management in Juba County (r = 0.682, P-value < 0.01), Natural resource sharing and Conflict management in Juba County (r = 0.556, P-value < 0.01) and lastly variables explained 64.4% of the variance of conflict management (R Square =.339) such that unit change in diplomatic relations processes will contribute to a change in the possibility of conflict management by (.641) while a one unit change in human resource sharing will contribute to a change in the conflict management of the County like Juba (.506). The study recommends that the County leaders should develop diplomatic relations with other international communities that aim at empowering people with education values and promoting an electoral process that serves the purpose of national renewal and peace commitment, involvement and allocation of resources, a need to make more use of an integrated application of litigation, need for alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and traditional justice systems in the management of natural resource conflicts, alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, fact finding facilitation and mediation should be adopted since they have the potential to enhance environmental justice and lastly for should be proposals in the Community Lands Act.

Represented speech has long been a subject of research in linguistics and literary criticism from a variety of perspectives. From a stylistic one, we conduct this study of represented speech in narratives with data from the novel 10+ nights by Hồ Anh Thái so as to clarify I.R. Galperin’s view (1971) which posits that represented speech is a rhetorical device. The paper clarifies the following issues: (i) What is a rhetorical represented speech?, (ii) Is all represented speech in literary works a rhetorical device?, and (iii) If not, what are unique characteristics of rhetorical represented speech? The major methods used in this study include: classification (classifying types of represented speech), description (describing types, patterns and linguistic features of represented speech), and rhetorical analysis (analyzing rhetorical values and impact of represented speech so as to generalize theoretical arguments). The data used for this study include direct represented speech that does not conform to regular rules. This paper starts with concepts of represented speech as a rhetorical device, followed by rhetoric represented speech in 10+ nights and ways to identify rhetoric represented speech in 10+ nights before the conclusion.

B a c k g r o u n d . The use of three-dimensional terrain modeling by commanders during their decision-making during the execution of assigned tasks will allow them to gain a tactical advantage on the battlefield. Given the current lack of a methodological foundation for justifying the methodology of constructing three-dimensional terrain models for use in the geoinformation subsystems of the Automated Control System of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (ACS AFU), as well as the practical absence of a modern information system for storing and publishing such data, the research objective is the development of a technology for using three-dimensional terrain models with modern geoinformation technologies to enhance decision- making efficiency during planning and the execution of tasks by military units. M e t h o d s . We employed methods such as analysis of scientific and reference literature on the research problem to determine its relevance, systematization, and generalization of scientific information, as well as a systemic analysis of current guidelines for creating and using three-dimensional terrain models in the development of technology for the placement and utilization of three-dimensional models on a geospatial portal. R e s u l t s . Considering the experiences of leading countries worldwide, contemporary approaches to organizing spatial monitoring systems, geospatial modeling tasks, and the diverse requirements posed on various components when creating a unified information space, the use of threedimensional terrain models is justified to enhance the efficiency of task execution by units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In the military sphere, three-dimensional terrain models can be applied to improve the computational tasks of artillery units, visualize defense and offensive operations, conduct combat actions in urban areas (3D modeling of buildings and structures), and create special maps with pseudo-three-dimensional representations of terrain forms, and more. C o n c l u s i o n s . The technology proposed in this work for the placement and use of three-dimensional models can be applied in the process of information filling for the components of the geospatial portal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The Qurʾān, a central religious text of Islam, is unique in its theological content and its self-referential linguistic features, which invite in-depth scholarly analysis. Among the most notable of these self-referential aspects is the frequent description of the Qurʾān as “Arabic” (Qurʾānan ʿArabiyyan) in many verses. While this attribute may seem self-evident, as the Qurʾān was revealed in Arabic to the Arabs of 7th-century Hijaz, the text’s recurring emphasis on its “Arabicness” raises important questions. Why does the Qurʾān repeatedly highlight its linguistic identity, a fact that its original audience would not have questioned? This inquiry lies at the heart of this study, which aims to explore the rhetorical and theological significance of this emphasis on the Qurʾān’s Arabic nature. The primary objective of this research is not merely to address why the Qurʾān was revealed in Arabic—this being a natural choice given the native tongue of its first audience—but to understand why the Qurʾān repeatedly underscores this aspect. The text itself, through expressions like “an Arabic Qurʾān” (Qurʾānan ʿArabiyyan) and “in clear Arabic language” (lisānun ʿArabiyyun mubīn), reveals a deliberate rhetorical strategy. The study contends that this repetitive self-description is not a mere reiteration of the obvious but serves deeper theological, communicative, and rhetorical purposes. Historically, the question of the Qurʾān’s Arabic nature has been approached from various angles by scholars from both the classical Islamic tradition and contemporary Western academia. Classical Islamic scholars, in this context, appear to have devoted the discussion primarily to whether or not the Qurʾān contains non-Arabic words. Western academics, on the other hand, tend to evaluate the linguistic features of the Qurʾān within the broader context of the Near East—in other words, they focus on the issue of how surrounding cultures and languages may have influenced the Qurʾān. However, despite these efforts, a significant gap remains in the literature regarding the Qurʾān’s internal rationale for emphasizing its Arabic language. Much of the existing scholarship centers around linguistic purity and the influence of foreign languages but neglects the Qurʾān’s own theological and rhetorical objectives. This study seeks to fill this gap by turning attention away from linguistic purity and external influences, focusing instead on the Qurʾān’s self-referential emphasis on being “Arabic”. This study aims to fill this very gap by drawing attention not to issues of linguistic purity (i.e., whether the Qurʾān contains foreign words) or external influences, but rather to the polemical context behind the Qurʾān’s self-referential emphasis on being in Arabic. According to this perspective, the Qurʾān’s frequent emphasis on its Arabic nature serves as a response to the reluctance, skepticism, and objections of its initial audience in 7th-century Hijaz regarding the acceptance of the Prophet’s human nature. Thus, the Qurʾān’s emphasis on Arabic presents a significant rhetorical strategy tied to the theological concerns of the revelation context and the communicative function of the sacred text within those circumstances. To achieve this, the study employs a layered methodology combining textual analysis, historical context, and comparative analysis with other religious traditions. Textual analysis examines key Qurʾānic verses that highlight the Arabic nature of the text, scrutinizing their linguistic and rhetorical features. Historical analysis explores the social, cultural, and religious dynamics of 7th-century Hijaz, contextualizing the Qurʾān’s message in its historical moment. Comparative analysis situates the Qurʾān within the broader framework of other religious traditions, particularly those that, like the Qurʾān, used the native language of their audience. By examining these dimensions, the study aims to uncover the underlying motivations behind the Qurʾān’s repeated self-description as Arabic and its significance within the broader framework of Islamic theology and communication. This research contributes to Qurʾānic studies by offering a fresh perspective on the issue of Arabicness in the Qurʾān, moving beyond linguistic debates to explore the deeper, theological significance of this feature. The study argues that the Qurʾān’s emphasis on its Arabic nature addresses both the theological concerns of its time and the broader communicative function of religious scripture, offering valuable insights into the Qurʾān’s engagement with its initial audience.

Background: Colles fracture usually occurs with a fall on an outstretched hand and the post-traumatic complication of this fracture includes loss of grip strength, pain and decreased functional outcome. Objective: To determine the effects of graded motor imagery technique on grip strength in female patients with Colle's fracture. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on females with the Colles fracture and decreased grip strength. Participants were divided into experimental and conventional groups, with the same baseline treatment based on convenience. Only females with Colles fractures of age 40 to 70 years and those who were conservatively managed were included in the study. Whereas patients with any systematic diseases e.g. rheumatic disease or fracture treated by internal fixation were excluded from the study. A modified sphygmomanometer for assessing grip strength and a patient-rated risk evaluation questionnaire were used. Data was collected using a purposive sampling technique and a sample of 44 was divided into two groups. Patient-rated wrist evaluation and a modified sphygmomanometer were used as data collection tools. The SPSS 20.0 version was used for data analysis. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for group statistics. Active variables were tested with an independent sample t-test. Results: The results of the comparison of experimental and conventional groups, grip strength after six weeks of treatment showed a difference of 66.64 and 43.8 for the conventional group respectively, with a value of p:0.000, showing significant differences in all variables. The results regarding the comparison of groups for patient-rated wrist evaluation were categorized into functional and pain components, mean functional score of wrist joint before and after treatment in the experimental group was M=89.63 and M=37.68 respectively whereas the conventional group showed a lesser reduction with M=88.35 and M= 43.85. After six weeks of treatment, the total score had an average difference of -3.39, with a p-value of 0.543. while the degree of freedom was 40. Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that the graded-motor imagery technique combined with traditional rehabilitation protocol is effective in improving grip strength in females with Colles fractures.

BackgroundAdequate self-management is the cornerstone of preventing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) complications. However, T1DM self-management is challenging for young people, who often struggle during the transition from childhood to adulthood. The mobile health (mHealth) app Young with Diabetes (YWD) was developed in collaboration with young people to enhance their T1DM self-management during this transition.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the influence of YWD on young people’s self-management during a 12-month period.MethodsA qualitative explorative approach was used, comprising a purposive sample of 20 young people (11 females and 9 males, ages 15 to 23 years, with app use of 3 to 64 days) from 3 pediatric and 3 adult departments. Participants were interviewed individually using a semistructured interview guide. Data were collected from January to March 2017 and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 5 themes were identified: (1) not feeling alone anymore (“we are in this together”); (2) gaining competence by sharing experiences and practical knowledge (“they know what they are talking about”); (3) feeling safer (“it’s just a click away”); (4) breaking the ice by starting to share thoughts and feelings and asking for help (“it is an outstretched hand”); and (5) lack of motivating factors (“done with the app”). Young people reported that YWD promoted self-management by peer-to-peer social support, exchanging messages with health care providers, and sharing YWD with parents. Participants recommended YWD as a supplement to self-management for newly diagnosed young people with T1DM and suggested improvements in app content and functionality.ConclusionsThe mHealth app YWD has the potential to support self-management. In particular, peer-to-peer support reduced feelings of loneliness and helped young people to gain knowledge and skills for managing T1DM. A need exists for alternative ways to train health care providers in using YWD and to support collaboration between young people and their parents to further improve young people’s self-management of T1DM.

This research paper is based on a linguistic analysis of the theme of class clash in Tariq Rahman’s short stories, Charity and The Moustache. It followed a qualitative research design since the analysis of data was through the lens of interpretative research paradigm. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was applied for the interpretation of the texts in which Fairclough’s 3D model was used for an in-depth analysis of the short stories. The Fairclough model analyzes a text in three stages in which the first stage is Text Analysis where the text’s language is analyzed in detail. The second stage is Discourse Practice, which examines how texts are deduced and produced. The third stage is Sociocultural Practice, which puts the text in a larger social and cultural context. The study found that the language used in the short stories mainly focused on how characters of different classes communicate. Intense descriptions were utilized to highlight the differences between the lower and upper classes. Through these methods the short stories revealed the power imbalance between classes and also made an attempt to enable the readers feel empathy for the exploited class. The research further found that there was a presence of selected theme, class clash, in the text of the selected short stories. The research was concluded that the texts used certain discursive techniques to present class clash. Some linguistic features were also used to show through the language that the upper class exploited the lower class and deprived them from the available resources.

This paper analyses the moves and linguistic features in valedictory speeches of ten graduating students of some Colleges of Education in the Western and Central Regions of Ghana. Ten speeches ranging from 2013 to 2019 were selected from Holy Child College of Education, Takoradi, Our Lady of Apostle College of Education, Cape Coast and Foso College of Education, Fosu. Valedictory speech is important to graduating students of tertiary institutions and some high schools; as a specific form of genre, it shares the characteristics of both oral and written genre in the context of English for specific purposes which is geared towards English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The exemplars were analysed according to move patterns and their textual space as well as its linguistic features. This study adapted mix method design. Interview, focus group discussions and questionnaires were the instruments used. The study revealed that, communicative elements in the valedictory speech are very important to the graduating students and their message they intend to send to the audience. It also identified that it brings out a picture of issues that had contributed to the success of the graduating students and the end result of they being awarded their diplomas or degree. It was clearly established of linguistic features of valedictory speeches. For the analysis of moves and linguistic features in valedictory speeches, one relevant theory is Swales’ Genre Analysis. This theory is instrumental in understanding the structure (moves) and language use (linguistic features) in specific types of discourse like valedictory speeches. This investigation was underpinned by genre analysis theory foundered by Swales, J. (1990). Swales’, Genre Analysis focuses on how different types of texts (genres) are structured to achieve particular communicative purposes. The theory is especially useful in understanding academic and professional communication, as it provides a framework for analyzing the “moves” within a text—segments of discourse that serve specific functions. It was recommended that linguistic features within these moves should realize the functions and contribute to the overall purpose of the genre. Again, framework can be applied to valedictory speeches to analyze the rhetorical structure and the specific linguistic choices made to achieve the communicative goals of the speech.

In 2023, it will be 50 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia (then the USSR) and the Republic of Ireland. The article deals with the complicated relationships between Russia (the USSR) and the Republic of Ireland on the path to establish the diplomatic relations. Ireland and the Soviet Russia tried to make the first contacts in 1919, but they failed to establish the trade and diplomatic relations at that time. At the end of the 1920th – beginning of the 1930th the countries undertook new attempts of rapprochement, but the negotiations were interrupted because of unfavourable international situation. Hostile perceptions and anti-Soviet position of Irish governments backed by the Catholic Church prevented the normalization of the Soviet-Irish relations. The special attention is devoted to the activity of the Ireland – USSR Society established in 1945 with the aim to develop friendship and mutual understanding between the people and to establish the trade and diplomatic relations between these two countries. The same activity in the Soviet Union was carried out by the the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, which became the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries in 1957. At the beginning of the 1970s in the connection with the forthcoming Helsinki conference on security in Europe the negotiations started about the establishment the diplomatic missions in Moscow and Dublin. They were successfully culminated in September 1973.

Focus on Software

The article provides a comparative analysis of military terminology in the Spanish and Ukrainian languages. The study was focused on the general characteristics of military terminology, its role and features, as well as on the specifics of the use of military terms in both languages. The research used the methods of comparative analysis, lexicographic approach and analysis of texts related to the military sphere, academic articles, regulatory documents and other resources to compare the terms of the Spanish and Ukrainian languages. The article reveals the sources of origin, facts from the history of the terms emergence and the influence of other languages on the formation of military terminology in the Ukrainian and Spanish languages. A review of military terms in both languages was also conducted, their features were revealed and examples of their use were given, terms in both languages were compared, commonalities and differences that may arise due to cultural, historical and other factors were identified. The results of the study showed that the Spanish and Ukrainian languages have their own specifics in the use of terminology in the military sphere. Both languages include a large number of specialized terms used to describe military processes, weapons, tactics, organization of military units, and other aspects of the military. A review of military terms in both languages revealed that some terms have similar or even identical equivalents in both languages, indicating similarities in the perception and use of concepts in the military domain. However, terms that have differences or lack of direct equivalents have also been identified. The study also highlighted the need to take into account the context and specifics of the use of terms in the military sphere, as this is of great importance to ensure successful communication and the execution of military tasks. Common language knowledge and understanding of Spanish and Ukrainian military terminology have significant potential to ensure effective interaction between the military structures of the countries. Considering the importance of the military sphere as an important component of national security and geopolitical stability, this study reveals common elements that can be useful for further communication and cooperation between the two countries.

The articulation and breadth of the system of walls protecting the city of Genoa developed over the centuries according to complex logics, influenced by the orography of the territory and determined by the constantly changing political dynamics, which also manifested themselves in the military sphere. The contribution aims to analyze a lost fortification capable of describing, thanks to its different phases, the process of mutation undergone over time. The building covered by the contribution is the Fort Fratello Maggiore, which, together with the nearby Fort Fratello Minore, was part of the northern deployment in defense of the city. Through the use and hybridization of tools such as panoramic photography and virtual modelling - the latter based on present evidence - the objective of bringing to light an almost totally lost and little-known building is pursued. The outcome of the research may lead to the reconstruction, at least virtually, of the fortified system located to the north of the city, enhancing a place of undisputed historical and landscape value.