The Limits of the Theories of Crime Specifically in Relation to Psychopathy and the Implications for Future Research

In criminology research, survival analysis is a good method to use for analysis the relationship between age and reoffending, or the life course in different sample groups in longitudinal studies. There are many scholars use survival analysis to discuss the crime persistent and desistent in life course research, the most common is to analysis the criminal reoffending after they left jail, or rearrested. The survival analysis used in criminology research still not common in Taiwan. This study use the survival analysis methods to discuss the different of reoffending situation between desister, persister, and normal Adolescent, to understand it will effected by the factors in their life course or not. This study use the data of Sheu & Ma's research, the data is survey to 817 Juvenile delinquency and normal adolescent samples who lived in Banqiao and Xinzhuang Districts, New Taipei City during 1997~1999. The Kaplan Meier analysis shows that in addition to the age of first crime, the other variables as low self-control, parents control, negative relationship of family, Drug-related crimes as the first crime, delinquency friends, all have different survival time. In Cox regression analysis, we used low self-control, parents control, negative relationship of family, Drug-related crimes as the first crime, delinquency friends, as independent variables, the survival time as dependent variable. There are three models of Cox regression, all three models are significant. These variables can forecasting the survival time, especially drug using. About preventing and correcting with delinquency youth, we suggest that should continuous enhance the guidance of teen-agers, enhance the response ability of low self-control, enhance the anti-drug and rehabilitation works, and improve the family negative relationship, control the delinquency friends.

Broadly, longitudinal research is research that involves longitudinal data, that is, data with a time dimension. This can be contrasted with cross-sectional data, which records information about the units of analysis at a particular point in time. Longitudinal research in criminology can be used for a variety of purposes, including quantifying trends in human behavior over time, describing the progression of life events, identifying patterns of behavior change, testing theories of crime causation, and evaluating the impact of interventions including criminal justice policy. Different types of longitudinal studies can be used for each of these aims. Panel studies look at multiple waves of data collection using same measures and sample. Cohort studies involve a particular group of individuals that are studied over time, such as a “birth cohort” or a “prison cohort.” Time-series studies involve a series of measurements taken at periodic time intervals in order to measure the impact of a change (such as a policy intervention) by comparing before- and after- measurements of the phenomena of interest. Trend studies look at change over time in a total population or sample that is generalizable to that population. In what follows, longitudinal research in criminology is reviewed with an emphasis on prospective cohort designs. First, an overview of longitudinal research and the methods for analyzing longitudinal data is first provided. Next, major longitudinal cohort studies are discussed, including early (pre-1970) and later (post-1970) cohort studies, long-term follow-ups of prospective cohort studies, and major longitudinal-experimental designs. These studies have allowed researchers to control for possible cohort effects, i.e., similarities within the group, when examining patterns in offending over time. This is especially useful for “life course” researchers who are interested in how a sequence of socially defined events affects individuals over time (i.e., age and period effects). Applications of longitudinal research are then discussed. Most notably, this involves developmental and life-course criminology, which requires longitudinal research to examine criminal careers, early risk factors for offending, offending trajectories, and adult transitions and desistance. Additionally, longitudinal research has been utilized to examine intergenerational transmission of crime, to test major theories of crime, to assess the impact of criminal justice policy, and to examine aggregate trends in crime and punishment. Each of these is briefly discussed.

If academic criminology currently stands in rude health, this obscures a range of deeply disturbing trends in the content of the discipline. We begin by exploring the recent boom in Home Office funded research in criminology, examining the key theoretical and empirical issues that have been both included and excluded from the official research agenda. The content and expanding nature of this agenda is then placed within the wider context of the entrepreneurialisation of universities, particularly with respect to the marketisation of academic research and the disciplinary, self-regulatory effects that follow from this. As a paradigmatic process within these wider trends, we subject the Research Assessment Exercise to critical scrutiny. We conclude by noting some strategies that criminologists might pursue to combat the increasingly narrow and pernicious research agenda funded and sanctioned by the state.

A heavy over-representation of Indigenous people within criminal justice and state welfare systems is a co1runon factor of first-world colonized nation-states. In Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, the US and Canada this over-representation positions Indigenous peoples as a group of key interest for criminological researchers and there is a significant body of criminological literature documenting this positioning in each country. This over-representation also positions Indigenous peoples as a disproportionately vulnerable group and highlights the criticality of ensuring that the conduct of research with Indigenous peoples meets high ethical standards. Conducting ethical research with, or about, Indigenous peoples, however requires much more than standard ethical approval from university or other institutional ethics committees. Research with Indigenous peoples, particularly the ethical aspects of this research, is not neutral territory. Not only are there unique ethical principles, guidelines and needs associated with such research, the realm is also awash with racial, cultural, social and political assumptions. The signing of a consent form, for example, taken as evidence of a participant's voluntary informed participation in the research, may neither be culturally applicable nor meaningful for Indigenous participants. The complex realm of ethical Indigenous research practice in settler states, therefore, has to be examined from both ends of the research spectrum. The ethical principles and perspectives that the Indigenous subjects of research have articulated and the ethical dimensions of worldviews and values that researchers themselves bring to their research alongside the compatibility of these with Indigenous research ethics are central concerns of ethical research practice with Indigenous peoples. The chapter begins with an overview of the shared positionality of Indigenous peoples on the hierarchy of socio-economic and cultural disadvantage and within criminal justice systems in their respective first-world colonized nation-states: Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, the US and Canada. The chapter then details Indigenous ethical perspectives, as they are conceived formally and informally, and their ramifications for criminology researchers in the practice of ethical research. For Indigenous peoples, ethical research is research that recognizes and respects Indigenous cultural values, norms, knowledges and sovereign rights. To this encl most of our example first-world settler states have developed sets of ethical guidelines to inform researchers designing and conducting culturally appropriate and collaborative research. A cross-national comparative analysis of these demonstrates both the essential similarities across cultures and nation-states as well as national variations. The chapter then addresses the ethical impact of the cultural, social and racial milieu of the researcher: the researcher's worldview. Even if the researcher is fully cognizant of Indigenous ethical dimensions, the outc01ne is not necessarily ethical research. If they do not understand their own social position and how this frames their research practice then a significant potential to do research harm remains. Researchers' worldview, and the value and belief systems that flow from this, shape and influence the research questions they regard as important, the way data are gathered, from whom, and, often most critically, the interpretation of those data. Criminological research is not purely a scholarly endeavor and those interpretations have social and public policy resonance. Far removed from researchers themselves, research findings have real life effects on Indigenous peoples and communities. An Australian research example is used to demonstrate such ethical issues.

The current research is of undoubted relevance since females also commit selfish and violent crimes. The fact that women have started committing crimes that threaten national security is of particular concern. The most socially dangerous crimes include illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substances and crimes of extremism and terrorism. The paper aims to justify (1) the need for a comprehensive approach for studying female crime as a distinct crime type and (2) the use of interdisciplinary research methods (historical method, method of comparative law, method of interview and conversation, psychological analysis of criminal cases, and analysis of criminal statistics). The scientific novelty of the research consists in the interdisciplinary approach to the problem of female crime. I have conducted research to improve the effectiveness of the investigation, establish the essential role of women in the committed crime, identify all accomplices, and develop measures aimed at crime prevention. Using interdisciplinary methods helps identify aspects that deserve further attention and research in criminology, sociology, and psychology. Detecting and using the identity of a female offender will contribute to the development of crime investigation. I have substantiated the need to use international experience, including theoretical developments aimed to prevent and combat female crime.

En este trabajo se propone un nuevo modelo comprensivo de la delincuencia, de carácter integrador, denominado modelo del triple riesgo delictivo (o TRD). El modelo no se considera competitivo y contradictorio con las teorías tradicionales de la delincuencia, sino que es concebido como una estructura más global, susceptible de acoger distintos procesos explicativos del comportamiento delictivo. Esta propuesta toma como bases para su desarrollo los análisis sobre el apoyo social como eje de la prevención, las teorías situaciones del delito, y, más específicamente, la investigación criminológica sobre factores de riesgo y protección, que son reconceptualizados aquí como dimensiones de riesgo de carácter continuo y graduado. Todas las dimensiones de riesgo (definidas a partir de pares de actuales factores de riesgo y de protección) son agrupadas -de manera exhaustiva- en tres categorías o fuentes de riesgos: a) personales, b) relativas al “apoyo prosocial” recibido, y c) concernientes a las oportunidades delictivas. Se considera que la combinación única en cada sujeto particular de elementos pertenecientes a estas tres categorías de riesgos precipita específicos procesos criminogénicos (tal y como sugieren las teorías clásicas de la delincuencia) que acaban condicionando su “motivación antisocial” y su “riesgo de conducta antisocial”. A partir de ello, el modelo TRD operativiza tanto la estimación del riesgo individual de conducta antisocial como del riesgo social de delincuencia. Para facilitar la comprensión de esta propuesta se acompaña al principio un pequeño vocabulario con terminología y conceptos importantes del modelo TRD.

Recent research on racial profiling has renewed attention on how police officers develop suspicions about citizens, and how these suspicions influence the official behavior of police. In order to guide the current research, a review of the wealth of existing qualitative and quantitative research on this topic is necessary. This literature review examines the existing international research in psychology, sociology, and criminology on police officer development of suspicion. It also lays out a framework for organizing the findings with four broad methods of suspicion development: stereotypical perceptions about typical criminal offenders, prior knowledge about specific citizens; incongruent circumstances, and suspicious nonverbal cues. It concludes with the few studies linking officer suspicions to official police behavior.

Legal practice is up to its neck in epistemology. Legal practice involves proof, evidence, doubt, testimony, arguments, witnesses, experts, and so on. The epistemology of legal practice, often referred to as legal epistemology, examines epistemological questions raised by legal practice. It can also apply legal insights to illuminating perennial epistemological problems. Legal epistemology investigates whether standards of proof, such as “beyond reasonable doubt” or “preponderance of evidence,” are best understood as credences, statistical likelihoods, or as qualitative standards. It asks what, if anything, legitimates these standards and in what ways legal standards of proof should be sensitive to practical factors. Legal epistemology examines when and why evidence has a probative value; that is, it investigates how evidence makes a litigated claim more likely. It illuminates what reasons—moral, political, economic, practical, epistemic—justify excluding probative evidence. It questions whether particular kinds of evidence are apt to mislead factfinders. Perhaps some kinds of character evidence, for example, are prejudicial. Legal epistemology asks whether particular aspects of evidence law contribute to epistemic injustice, including hermeneutical injustice, and illuminates sources of legal injustice. It investigates the normativity of profiling. Legal epistemology questions the epistemic and legal values of epistemic properties such as safety, sensitivity, reliability, coherence, intelligibility, knowledge, justification, explanation, narrative structure, epistemic virtue, and truth. Legal epistemology asks whether and how juries and judges can form collective beliefs; it examines features of effective deliberation and judgment aggregation, and studies the effect of disagreement and dissent on legal judgments. Legal phenomena such as expert testimony raise distinctive epistemological questions, such as how to adjudicate and manage expertise in the courtroom. Legal epistemology studies the legal posit of reasonableness, which arises in the reasonable person standard, reasonable doubt standard, and various other areas of legal practice. Legal epistemology can also illuminate the role of knowledge and ignorance in culpability: How should we understand the epistemic criteria for recklessness and negligence, for example, and what precisely is mens rea? Law varies by jurisdiction; different legal systems create and resolve epistemological challenges in different ways. This is evident in topics such as the admissibility of character evidence or hearsay evidence, the permissibility of inferences from silence, or the exclusion of improperly obtained evidence. Legal epistemology is deeply interdisciplinary. In addition to law and philosophy, it involves research in psychology, forensic science, sociology, anthropology, criminology, history, theology, politics, economics (particularly behavioral economics), artificial intelligence, computing, and statistics.

Publikacja ukazuje problem naruszania praw osób starszych z perspektywy kryminologicznej, wiktymologicznej i normatywnej. W pracy uwzględniono międzynarodowe i krajowe regulacje różnych gałęzi prawa. Przede wszystkim jednak skoncentrowano się na regulacjach prawnokarnych. Wyniki światowych i polskich badań kryminologicznych związanych z wiktymizacją osób starszych skonfrontowane zostały z przepisami prawa karnego. Zabieg taki miał dać odpowiedź na pytanie, czy prawo karne stanowi właściwą i adekwatną reakcję na przemoc fizyczną, psychiczną, seksualną i ekonomiczną wobec osób w podeszłym wieku oraz zaniedbywanie ich i porzucanie. Postawiona przez autorki diagnoza polskich rozwiązań legislacyjnych nie pozwala na sformułowanie optymistycznej tezy, że prawa tych osób są w pełni chronione przepisami prawa karnego. Szczególna podatność osób starszych na wiktymizację nie została bowiem wystarczająco uwzględniona przez ustawodawcę.

Criminological Research on Taiwan Collections of English-language References Relevant to the Greater China Criminology Research: 2009 Series

Vor dem Hintergrund eines kurzen Rückblicks auf die Forschungstraditionen, über die qualitative Verfahren Eingang in die Kriminologie gefunden haben (labeling approach und Kritische Kriminologie), und einer Skizze der weiteren Entwicklungslinien qualitativ-kriminologischer Forschung thematisiert der Beitrag insbesondere den Nutzen und die Grenzen einer verstehenden Perspektive bei der Analyse von Abweichung und sozialer Kontrolle. Die einzelnen Beiträge des Bandes – Beispiele qualitativ-kriminologischer Forschungsarbeiten aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum – werden mit Hinweisen auf die gegenwärtigen Tendenzen der konzeptuellen und methodologischen Diskussion in der Kriminologie vorgestellt und einzuordnen versucht.

The literature conceptually exploring the deviant behavior of white supremacists is somewhat limited. Those contributions that do exist tend to be more disciplinary specific, anchored in sociological, psychological, or criminological research. One approach to organizing the extant literature comes from social psychology. This domain allows for considerably more disciplinary cross-fertilization. The present study examines the behavior of white supremacists utilizing a social psychological model. The model emphasizes the intrapsychic, the interpersonal, and the situational dynamics at work in the daily practices of white supremacists. In order to assess how these prisms operate, four thematic categories, essential to the organization of white supremacists, are systematically investigated. These categories include the role of power, identity, sexuality, and the de nition of the situation. We contend that our social psychological approach represents something of an integrated model for understanding the deviant attitudes, thought processes, and ritualized activities of white supremacists. We conclude by suggesting that the proposed interpretive schema may have utility in other, similar areas of social scientific inquiry.

The term state-corporate crime refers to serious social harms that result from the interaction of political and economic organizations. The need for such a concept emerged from our examination of events such as the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger and the fire at the Imperial chicken processing plant in Hamlet, North Carolina.1 This research made us aware of a class of organizational crimes that were the collective product of the joint actions between a state agency and a business corporation. This suggested that an additional conceptualization of deviant organizational relationships between government agencies and business corporations was needed. Since those original papers on the concept and theory of state-corporate crime, we, and a number of other researchers, have used the concept to analyze a wide variety of organizational harms.2 This chapter will describe the origins and development of the concept of state-corporate crime, review some of the research that has been carried out under this rubric, present the theoretical framework that has been most often utilized, and assess where the study of state-corporate crime might go in the future. Before we will address these issues, however, we will sketch out the historical context for considering the relationship between power and crime and explore the relationship between state-corporate crime and criminological inquiry.

In recent years, several significant train derailments involving the transportation of crude oil have dotted the North American landscape. Each resulted in environmental and social harm to some degree which was extensive in many instances. Oil train derailments have occurred in places such as Lac-Mégantic, Canada (July 2013), Casselton, North Dakota (December 2013 and November 2014), and Mount Carbon, West Virginia (February 2015). Following derailments, communities have faced substantial environmental damage, human death and injury, and overall disruption from the explosions and subsequent oil spills that characterize these events. This project specifically examined the April 30, 2014 derailment in Lynchburg, Virginia. A CSX-operated train containing 104 oil tank cars derailed which caused 17 cars to leave the tracks; 3 of these cars plunged over the bank of the James River and became submerged. The derailment resulted in a large explosion and subsequent fire that burned for over an hour after one tank car ruptured and lost its contents. It was estimated that nearly 30,000 gallons of crude oil were spilled (NTSB 2016). Serious environmental and human health concerns resulted, particularly fears that downstream cities, including the state capitol of Richmond, would have contaminated water. Through a lens of green criminology, victimology, and securitization, this dissertation examines perceptions of criminality, victimization, and ecological harm as a result of the oil train derailment among members of the Lynchburg community. The environmental and social consequences of the Lynchburg train derailment are considered through a case study approach that is situated within the politics surrounding oil extraction and transportation within the US and Canada where dramatically expanded rail transport of oil has resulted in an influx in derailments in recent years. Interviews with 22 individuals—officials, environmentalists, witnesses, and members of the Lynchburg community—were used to examine the extent and nature of harm to the environment, community, and individuals as a result of the oil train derailment including the aftermath of the event. Official documents and media representations supplement the in-depth interviews. This case study reveals an array of victimizations and differing ideas about responsibility and criminality in the wake of the event. Security has been inserted into the realities of oil train shipment by the railroad industry which has problematized the dissemination of information about these volatile shipments to communities who experience them. Significant identities with both the James River and the railroad within the community have served to help make sense of the derailment, framed ideas about responsibility and culpability, and determined the conceptualization of the environment as a victim.

There is some evidence from national newspapers and government reports that the number of gangs and gang members in the United Kingdom is increasing. There are also reports that street gangs are involved in serious and violent offending and sometimes carry guns. In some respects, the picture painted by these reports is similar to the stereotype of gang membership in the United States. However, there is little criminological research on gangs in the United Kingdom that can shed light on this development. In particular, little is known about whether gang members are different in any way from non-gang members of similar social background. The current paper reports findings generated from the NEW-ADAM (New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring) programme on gang membership and its relation to crime and drug misuse. The research shows that there are some similarities between the current findings and the results reported in the US research with respect to the social characteristics and problem behaviours of gang members. However, there are also some important differences. The paper concludes that the United Kingdom may be entering a new phase in the development of street crime among young people and argues that it is important to monitor this development for the purpose of policy and fundamental knowledge.