Abstract
In recent times, the neodymium-doped gadolinium vanadate (Nd:GdVO4) crystal has attracted significant attention as one of the most valuable functional materials, but its lattice structure can be easily modified in an irradiation environment, which determines its related optical properties and affects the performance of devices based on the Nd:GdVO4 crystal. The near-surface lattice structure change and damage are studied through the displacement per atom (dpa), X-Ray diffraction, hardness and elastic (Young's) modulus, and micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques. We discover that the intensity and peak position of micro-Raman have obvious changes between waveguide and substrate region in Nd:GdVO4 crystal. The related optical properties induced by the structural changes, including the absorption bands and refractive index profiles, are investigated. A new absorption peak was observed after irradiation of the Nd:GdVO4 crystals by C3+ ions. Thus, waveguide optical-coupling techniques identified that the ion- irradiated Nd:GdVO4 crystal can support single-mode or multimode propagation at 633 nm. The fabricated waveguide structures emerge as promising candidate for photonic design and integrated optical devices, which will have a huge application prospect in multimedia and internet.
Highlights
GdVO4, which has four chemical formulae per unit cell (z = 4), is a tetragonal crystal system with space group I 41/amd (JCPDS − 17 − 0260), which is the same as yttrium vanadate
To distinguish between the two different ion irradiations, by optimizing the color mode, the crosssectional images of the polished ion-irradiated neodymium-doped gadolinium vanadate (Nd):GdVO4 crystals are shown in Fig. 1(a), (c), and (e)
We compare the irradiation effects of Nd:GdVO4 crystal irradiated by different kind of ions with similar dpa, and we compare the samples irradiated with different fluences by same kind of ion
Summary
The related optical properties of Nd:GdVO4 strongly depend on its lattice structure, which can be altered in an ion irradiation environment. The optical waveguides formed by structural changes in the Nd:GdVO4 crystal can potentially to develop compact and efficient waveguide lasers and amplifiers. Ion irradiation is a powerful and controllable method of changing the lattice structure in the nearsurface, and it has been conducted on a variety of crystal materials. The dpa, XRD, hardness and elastic (Young’s) modulus, and micro-Raman spectra were used to determine the lattice structure changes induced by different ion irradiation conditions. The related optical properties caused by the lattice structural change, including absorption spectra and refractive index, are investigated in this paper
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