The Language of Photography Conservation: Cultural Heritage and Methodology

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

PurposeThis study aims to investigates the influence of proactive personality on employee radical creativity through transformational leadership, professional ethical standards and creative self-efficacy.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from 343 superior–subordinate dyads in China. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to measure the validity of the variables. A regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between model assumptions.FindingsThe results showed that: (1) Proactive personality was positively related to employee radical creativity. (2) Transformational leadership and professional ethical standards moderated the relationship between proactive personality and radical creativity. Specifically, the relationship between proactive personality and employee radical creativity was strong, as expected. It was the strongest in the presence of high transformational leadership and high professional ethical standards. (3) Creative self-efficacy acted as a mediator in this interaction.Originality/valueThis study is a pioneering investigation in the Chinese context. It empirically examines the interactive relationship between proactive personality and radical creativity through transformational leadership and professional ethical standards. Additionally, it substantiates creative self-efficacy as the psychological mechanism behind this interaction. Consequently, this study offers a comprehensive framework with potential implications for personality assessments in the workplace, leadership training, criteria formulation and enhancement of radical creativity.

The paper Heritage Impact Assessments as an Advanced Tool for a Sustainable Management of Cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites: From Theory to Practice interprets UNESCO’s decisions to include the concepts of cultural landscapes and historic urban landscapes and to use cultural heritage as a pillar of sustainable development as a paradigm shift with regard to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Instead of focusing on the conservation of isolated monuments, ensembles or natural areas devoid of people, preservation strategies now have to concentrate on inhabited areas on a large scale. Such complex cultural World Heritage properties often face considerable pressure to change. In this context, Heritage Impact Assessments (HIAs) are increasingly applied to assess transformations in cultural World Heritage properties. However, such studies still show highly variable qualities when implemented in praxis. Against this background, it is argued that there is a need to link both heritage management and HIAs closely to strategies of urban and regional planning and related governance policies. Consequently, the theoretical starting point of the paper is that HIAs need to be combined closely with planning processes and participation strategies in order to avoid failures in assessment processes and to fully explore their potential to support the sustainable development of complex World Heritage properties. Both present shortcomings and potentials in the practical application of HIAs are shown on the basis of several case studies. Finally, an outline of necessary future steps in research and education with regard to the practical use of HIAs in cultural UNESCO World Heritage properties is provided.

Article is devoted to a problem of media texts (journalistic and advertising) compliance to ethical standards: to ethical standards of professional community and norms of media ethics. The research is conducted with the use of the humanitarian expertise» principles and the semantic analysis method. In journalistic texts professional ethics standards violation is revealed. Advertising texts contain intended elocution violations. Non-compliance with ethical standards can be motivated by a divergence between them and other professional requirements to the journalistic and advertising text. In case of such divergences authors neglect requirements of ethics. The inattention reasons to ethical aspects of media texts: insufficiently accurate wording of ethical standards in Codes of professional ethics. Violations of professional ethics standards and language ethics demand discussion by professional community for improvement of professional standards and developing prevention mechanisms for such violations.

Purpose – The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between teachers' level of adoption of professional ethical standards, organizational citizenship behavior and organizational identification. Design/methodology/approach – The data used in the study consist of 214 secondary school teachers working in Bayburt. The questionnaire form was distributed to the teachers by hand and made face to face. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis and correlation analysis were performed by using SPSS program. After the confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the help of AMOS program, direct and indirect relations were determined by bootstrap method and the fundamental model was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Findings – According to the findings of the study, it was shown that the level of adopting professional ethical standards increased organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, it was seen that organizational citizenship behavior increased teachers' perception of organizational identification. In addition, it has been found that organizational identification has a partial mediating role in the effect of teachers' professional ethical standards on organizational citizenship behaviors. Discussion – In this study, it was shown that teachers' perceived professional ethics standards positively and positively affected organizational citizenship behavior and also organizational identification perceptions were positively and significantly affected within this relationship. The other result is that professional ethical standards have both direct and indirect effects on organizational citizenship behavior and organizational citizenship in a model with organizational identification. Thus, it is thought that this study can shed light on future studies about teachers.

The article discusses the issue of social perception of cultural goods, material heritage, monuments, artefacts, and related categories, in comparison with scientific, conservation, and legal discourse. The aim of the text is to highlight the multifaceted problem of ill-defined terms and, at the same time, the social understanding of so-called “old objects,” while outlining proposals and recommendations for the future. The article serves as an introduction to the subject and, at the same time, contributes to a broader discussion concerning the ambiguity of many terms related to cultural heritage and the lack of a single, universally accepted interpretation of the concept of a monument/heritage site. The problem under discussion should be linked to various disciplines, as well as to approaches such as “studies of things”, heritology, or “new materialism” which propose new ways of approaching old objects and new methods of defining cultural artefacts. The text focuses on products of material culture, mainly from the 20th and 21st centuries – i.e. contemporary artefacts, ethnographic artefacts, cultural artefacts, etc. – thus on objects of the recent past as well as contemporary ones, situated at the intersection of science, heritage protection systems, and society, which is increasingly engaged in cultural heritage.

This study explored several proposed relationships among professional ethical standards, corporate social responsibility, and the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility. Data were collected from 313 business managers registered with a large professional research association with a mailed self-report questionnaire. Mediated regression analysis indicated that perceptions of corporate social responsibility partially mediated the positive relationship between perceived professional ethical standards and the believed importance of ethics and social responsibility. Perceptions of corporate social responsibility also fully mediated the negative relationship between perceived professional ethical standards and the subordination of ethics and social responsibility. The results suggested that professions should develop ethical standards to encourage social responsibility, since these actions are associated with enhanced employee ethical attitudes.

PurposeThe peoples living in the Balkan Peninsula over centuries have created a very rich cultural heritage and the constant political upheavals in the region have affected the development and preservation of their cultures. This paper aims to review the internet infrastructure and networked readiness levels of the Balkan countries, which are conducive to scientific co‐operation and preservation of digitised cultural heritage. It also explores the destructive effects of wars on the cultural riches of the region.Design/methodology/approachThe internet facilities and the scientific production of the Balkan countries were identified using published sources and Thomson's Web of Science database. A game‐theoretic approach was used to expound the consequences of wars and the adverse effects of the nation‐building process on cultural heritage artefacts.FindingsBalkan countries lack sound internet infrastructures, hindering their contributions to the world of science and stifling scientific co‐operation among themselves in terms of joint papers. The co‐ordinated efforts have yet to exist to streamline the digital preservation of the unique cultural heritage of the Balkan countries.Originality/valueThis paper discusses the impact of the nation‐building process on cultural and scientific heritage artefacts using the concepts of the “game theory”. It reinforces the fact that destroying the cultural heritage artefacts during wars is not a “zero‐sum game” in which the dominant culture wins and the “other” culture loses. It is not even a “lose‐lose game” in which both parties lose. Rather, humanity loses part of its whole cultural heritage forever.

Purpose The intersection of digital innovation and cultural heritage preservation presents a unique and emerging field of study, particularly in the context of “phygital” startups —enterprises that blend physical and digital experiences. Fusing digital innovation with Italy’s rich cultural heritage enhances preservation, accessibility and interactive visitor experiences. This paper aims to explore the transformative role of phygital startups in valorizing Italian cultural heritage utilizing a multidimensional analytical approach. The “phygital”, a portmanteau of “physical” and “digital,” refers to integrating digital technologies into physical spaces and experiences, creating a seamless interface between the two realms. This approach is particularly relevant in the cultural heritage domain, where digital technology is increasingly redefining the preservation and presentation of historical and cultural artifacts. In this context, phygital startups play a unique role in facilitating innovative experiences that enhance visitor engagement and understanding. By integrating cutting-edge technologies such as augmented reality (AR) virtual reality and interactive digital platforms, these startups create immersive and interactive experiences that bring cultural artifacts and historical narratives to life in unprecedented ways. This approach not only aids in preserving heritage but also democratizes access to it, reaching broader audiences who might not be able to experience these cultural assets in person. Design/methodology/approach This paper will examine case studies of Italian phygital startups in the cultural heritage sector, analyzing how their innovations have contributed to the enhanced preservation, interpretation and dissemination of cultural heritage. These case studies will provide insights into the practical applications of phygital concepts in cultural heritage, highlighting the opportunities and challenges these enterprises face. Findings Furthermore, this study discusses the implications of physical startups for cultural heritage management, including the potential for increased visitor engagement, improved accessibility and new revenue streams for heritage institutions. It will also address ethical considerations and the need for a balanced approach that respects the integrity and authenticity of cultural artifacts while employing modern technological enhancements. Research limitations/implications In analyzing the limitations of this research on Italian phygital startups in the cultural heritage sector, one should consider the potential narrowness of case studies, which may not represent the diversity of the sector. The rapid pace of technological change could also outdated findings quickly, while the focus on innovative applications might overlook traditional methods that remain relevant. Furthermore, the complexity of ethical considerations regarding the digital representation of cultural artefacts raises questions that this paper might not fully address, such as the potential for cultural misrepresentation or digital divides that may limit access for certain populations. Lastly, the research might not account for the long-term sustainability and economic viability of phygital approaches within cultural institutions. Practical implications The emergence of “phygital” startups marks a transformative era in cultural heritage management, merging digital technology with physical experiences. These enterprises employ AR and blockchain to engage audiences and create new economic models. Companies like WAY EXPERIENCE and ARTour lead in offering immersive experiences that blend history with technology. Managers in this sector are advised to form strategic alliances with tech and cultural experts to preserve the integrity and educational aspects of these experiences. The introduction of blockchain and digital assets like non-fungible tokens, typified by AESTHETES, represents a novel method of art ownership, necessitating careful management of digital and physical artworks and consideration of ethical issues in cultural preservation. Social implications The rise of “phygital” startups in cultural heritage brings social implications, such as democratizing access to art and history through AR, potentially reaching wider audiences. The intersection of technology and culture via immersive experiences fosters new forms of learning and appreciation. However, the digital divide could exacerbate inequalities if access to such technologies is uneven. Additionally, the use of blockchain for art ownership raises questions about the nature of art and its value in society. As physical artworks transform into digital assets, the very essence of ownership and cultural value is being redefined, challenging traditional views on art and cultural heritage. Originality/value In conclusion, this paper argues that phygital startups have a significant and growing influence on the cultural heritage sector. Their innovative approaches bring new life to historical artifacts and challenge traditional methods of cultural heritage management. The findings of this study will contribute to the broader understanding of the role of digital innovation in cultural heritage preservation and provide a foundation for future research in this evolving field.

Professional integrity is a fundamental principle of the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics (IESBA, in Code of ethics for professional accountants, IFAC, New York; IESBA, Code of ethics for professional accountants, IFAC, New York, 2016). This does not apply directly to members of a particular professional body, but rather member organizations from around the globe are required to adopt a code no less stringent than the principles in the IESBA Code. Hence, all professional accountants are required to possess integrity as a core ethical principle. In the USA, certified public accountants must, in addition, also adhere to the principle of client advocacy in relation to their tax clients. Despite extensive prior literature on accounting ethics, firm culture, and ethical codes, no prior research has tested whether the communication of an Integrity ethical standard actually affects practitioners’ actual judgments and decisions. In this study, we use brief interventions to determine whether a prime of two ethical professional standards (Integrity; Advocacy) affects tax practitioners’ recommendations to their clients. One implication for professionalism in tax practice is our finding that a brief intervention of professional standards can directly impact on practitioners’ judgments. Most notably, a joint presentation of Advocacy and Integrity leads to contrasting results that depend on the order of the intervention. In sum, when the Integrity (Advocacy) standard was presented before the Advocacy (Integrity) standard, tax practitioners were significantly less (more) likely to choose a tax-favorable outcome. That is, the order of professional ethical standard intervention significantly affects tax practitioners’ judgments.

The study investigated teachers’ compliance with professional ethics and instructional tasks performance, and determined the implication on students’ academic performance in secondary schools in Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Three research questions were raised and two hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. 90 top management officers (principals, vice principals, heads of departments, guidance and counselors, and examination officers completed questionnaire titled “Teachers Professional Ethics and Instructional Tasks Performance Questionnaire (TPEITPQ), and Students’ Academic Performance Profoma (SAPP) ) in nine (9) secondary schools using randomly sampling technique. Data were analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean score and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between teachers’ professional ethics and instructional performance [r (88) = 0.872, p<0.05, also there is significant relationship between teachers’ instructional tasks performance and students’ academic performance [r (88) = 0.79, p<0.05). The level of teachers’ compliance with professional ethics was high in the components of: punctuality (68.9%), communication skill (63.3%), human relations (61.6%), effective time management (66.6%), adequate knowledge of subject matter (67.8%) and good dressing habit (81.2%). Further findings revealed that teachers prepare their lesson notes promptly (68.9%), conduct continuous assessment (73.3%), maintain good classroom management (66.7%), ensure students’ discipline (81.1%) and participate actively in committees’ work (75.6%). The level of students’ academic performance was above average. Based on the findings, it was concluded that principals should collaborate with other professional bodies to organize intensive and regular seminars/workshops for capacity development of teachers to enhance professional conduct. Also, the state government in collaboration with other relevant stakeholders in the education sector should create enabling environment to enhance teachers’ professional ethical standards and provide adequate learning facilities/materials to boost teachers’ instructional tasks performance and achieve better academic performance of students in secondary schools

Semantic annotation services for 3D models of cultural heritage artefacts

Culture and cultural artefacts are passed down as hereditary assets from one generation to the next to foster a sense of continuity and identity, forming a bridge from the past, through the present, and into the future. Despite their significance, these artefacts are often neglected and underestimated. One such cultural artefact is the child modesty disc, which is adorned with decorative ornaments; tied around children’s waists that reflect the unique differences between communities and cultures. This article aims to shed light on the functions of these ornaments, and the explicit and implicit knowledge related to child modesty disc. A photo survey was conducted using semi-nominal group techniques and semi-structured interviews, where 25 photos were presented to 20 respondents to identify commonly used child modesty discs, vegetation motifs, and the meanings of their ornaments. The eight plus one framework was used to formulate interview questions and define the cultural artefact’s functions. The findings indicate that every ornament or motif on a child modesty disc has explicit and implicit meanings and serves multiple functions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of preserving and understanding cultural artefacts as a means of honoring our ancestors and maintaining our cultural heritage.

The on going armed conflict in Sudan since April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has had a significant destructive impact on the country's cultural objects and historical heritage. In the context of international law, Sudan, as a state party to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict, has a legal obligation to protect and respect its cultural heritage, both in peacetime and in times of conflict. This article analyzes Sudan's state responsibilities under the 1954 Hague Convention, focusing on three main aspects: (1) legal compliance and implementation of the convention's provisions in the current armed conflict, (2) challenges and obstacles in protecting cultural heritage amidst humanitarian crises, and (3) international accountability and the role of the global community in upholding legal protection for cultural objects. The analysis shows that although Sudan has formally ratified the 1954 Hague Convention and participated in various UNESCO initiatives related to the protection of cultural heritage, the implementation of these obligations remains normative and ineffective on the ground. Various international reports indicate serious violations, such as the looting of national museums, the destruction of archaeological sites, and the illegal trade in cultural artifacts. The main obstacles to implementing the convention in Sudan include weak institutional capacity, unstable security conditions, the government's lack of prioritization of cultural protection amidst the humanitarian crisis, and limited national legal mechanisms for prosecuting perpetrators. From an international accountability perspective, the 1999 Hague Convention and its Second Protocol provide space for individual and state criminal responsibility for serious violations of cultural property, but its implementation mechanisms in Sudan remain elusive. Support from the international community, including UNESCO, ICOMOS, and human rights organizations, is crucial for encouraging compliance and restoring cultural heritage affected by the conflict. Overall, this study confirms that Sudan's responsibilities for the protection of cultural objects have not been effectively implemented in accordance with international legal standards. Concrete steps are needed to strengthen national capacity, provide international technical cooperation, and establish clear accountability mechanisms so that cultural heritage protection can become an integral part of post-conflict peacekeeping and reconstruction efforts.

Given the thematic diversity, richness and variance in exposition of published cultural heritage information and artefacts, accessing pertinent information can be a cumbersome task. The TAGCLOUD project aims to create an adaptive cultural heritage experience for individuals based on their personal preferences, allowing users to navigate with ease around both cultural artefacts and the related information space. Users will establish a narrative between themselves and their cultural heritage experience.We propose metrics and methods for making the transition from a pull-based dynamic to a successful push-based methodology. Users are inevitably overwhelmed by the volume and specificity of cultural data, so traditional query-based interaction (e.g. filtering and sorting) is insufficient to guarantee a relevancy to the user of the retrieved information. Further, the small form factor of mobile devices poses strict limitations on the complexity of the interface and interaction methods available.The TAGCLOUD system applies content personalisation and context aware techniques from web search and marketing, to the realm of cultural heritage. We incorporate the geographical, chronological, historical and narrative relationships between cultural items, and span levels ranging from entire cities to individual artefacts. For each of these levels it is important to broadly define the possible ways the experience can be tailored. Information may be presented via different modalities, including audio, text, and augmented reality; and can vary according to an individuals interests and level of understanding. The context of the user can affect how and what is delivered, and may depend on their location, familiarity with their surroundings, or who they are with. Information and media should be presented so as to complement the experience and not detract from it.We investigate how we can retrieve information about the user both passively and actively. Information from the users device allows us to investigate their interaction with artefacts, and enables the system to form assumptions of their respective interest levels. Additional information is procured from social networking information, such as local graph traversal, and interactions related to the cultural heritage experience. We investigate how preference is extracted from the user model, how the system mitigates against destructive feedback that would show inappropriate suggestions. We propose the use of non-normative expressions of preference, to circumvent the tendency towards the populist mean, a generic weakness of ratings-based recommender systems.KeywordsCultural HeritageRecommender SystemAugmented RealitySemantic DescriptorCultural ArtefactThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.