The LADM Spatial Plan Information Country Profile for Serbia

Spatial plan decisions guide both the future use of the lands and many activities from protection to construction and permit. Due to its functions, spatial plan decisions play a key role in land administration. Spatial planning information for integrated land administration systems (LASs) should be associated with land registration systems. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard offers components to enable this structure. Integrating spatial plan data with LASs will provide standardization for plan data and assurance of plan decisions. Although the spatial planning mission differs across various administrative regions, planning activities produce land use decisions, albeit in different ways. The study aims to establish the common points in planning activities and design a joint spatial planning system data model using various countries’ spatial planning systems and international standardization studies. The spatial plans in the model that has been proposed are depicted as a system, not merely by the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) that they establish on the land. The results point out that spatial planning systems have some similarities but also some limitations to support conceptual model design. Based on joint data and relationships, the proposed spatial planning system data model can be adapted for different country practices. The study’s results are expected to support the LADM second version development studies.

The decision to refine the existing content and to extend the scope of Edition I of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) is a response to requests from the international Land Administration (LA) community. This response has to be formally organised in accordance with ISO guidelines. This begins with gathering feedback from ISO/TC 211 Member States on the need for updated and enhanced capabilities of the LADM. In addition, several proposals have been made to extend the scope of the LADM Edition I. After analysing the feedback received, it was proposed to develop the LADM Edition II as a multi-part standard: Part 1 — Generic conceptual model, Part 2 — Land registration, Part 3 — Marine georegulation, Part 4 — Valuation information, Part 5 — Spatial plan information and Part 6 — Implementation aspects. In other words, Edition I focuses on land tenure, while the design and development of Edition II is based on the inclusion of rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) concerning marine georegulation, valuation information, spatial plan information as well as LADM implementation. 3D representations are relevant for all parts.This paper focuses on the design of the new structure of the second edition of the LADM and on the (operational) capabilities of this new edition in relation to the LA issues in Parts (standards addressing a specific part of the scope) and Packages (groups of conceptually close classes), with a particular attention to the requirements and design related decisions taken in the revision process. The parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 are the parts in which the authors are currently involved. Part 1 will be a high-level umbrella standard; Part 2 is largely based on LADM Edition I and focuses on land registration, with an enhanced support on the surveying functionality, including new subclasses of spatial unit, and extended 3D spatial profiles. Part 3 harmonises the description of RRRs and aligns land concepts with marine aspects from the marine domain based on the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) S121 Maritime Limits and Boundaries Product Specification. Part 4 deals with valuation information used and produced in the context of land administration, while Part 5 deals with spatial planning information and includes the planned use of the land (zoning), resulting in RRRs. Lastly, Part 6 is planned to be about implementation of the LADM and will be developed in close collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).

Spatial planning plays a crucial role in shaping the future of urban development and land administration. While land registration information is necessary for spatial planning processes, it is also probable that changes in land registration data occur in line with spatial plan decisions. Development of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Edition II It also aimed to extend its existing conceptual model with spatial plan data, considering the close connection between the two systems. The study aims to design a conceptual model for Turkey's spatial planning system within the LADM Turkey country profile context. This article researches the capability of the proposed conceptual model for representing spatial planning data with instance‐level diagrams and the implementation opportunities of a technical model. To demonstrate the functionality of the proposed model, the zoning status certificate, which contains spatial plan and land registration data and is provided to inform about the legal conditions before development, is chosen as the mission. The results show that the LADM Turkey country profile extended with spatial planning system data can represent spatial plan data and be implemented in a technical model to support land administration applications.

Spatial planning includes various decisions that guide the formulation of land policies, such as planned urbanisation, environment-nature-culture protection, and safe agriculture. Land Administration Systems (LASs) should also include spatial planning decisions as they play a role in facilitating the implementation of land policies. In this study, the Turkish spatial planning system's role in the land administration is discussed. The paper presents the necessity of designing and standardising the spatial planning system as data model. This data model design includes not only spatial plan decisions but also documents that guide spatial planning and land development decisions caused by planning. Therefore, this study aims to present a standardised model of the Turkish spatial planning system and the land use rights, restrictions and responsibilities established by spatial plans. Designing spatial planning system information as a conceptual data model within the Land Administration Domain Model is expected to support land administration system-based improvements.

Developing a spatial planning information package in ISO 19152 land administration domain model

Mekânsal planlar birçok sektörel politikanın değerlendirilmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan, sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı sağlamayı amaçlayan, arazi kullanım ve yapılaşma kararları içeren planlardır. Mekânsal plan kararları, özel şahıs mülkiyetinde bulunan taşınmazlara ve ortak kullanım niteliğindeki alanlara yapılaşma ve kullanma yönünden birçok hak, kısıtlılık ve sorumluluk (HKS) getirmektedir. Arazi İdaresi Temel Modeli (AİTM), ISO tarafından yayımlanan bir standarttır ve arazi yönetiminde araziyi etkileyen HKS’ler ve bunların geometrik bileşenleri ile ilgilenir. Standart bir kavramsal model ve ortak ontoloji sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Arsa ve arazi kullanım kararları üzerinde etki oluşturan birçok faktör bulunmaktadır. Çeşitli faktörler bulunmasına rağmen, araziyi etkileyen HKS’ler modelde temsil edilirken genellikle ülkelerin tapu ve kadastro sistemlerinden faydalanılmakta, çok sayıda HKS içeren diğer olgular dikkate alınmamaktadır. Tapu ve kadastro sistemi dışında mülkiyet üzerinde HKS oluşturan; vergilendirme işlemleri, çeşitli sözleşmeler, yasal belgeler ve mekânsal planlar bulunmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, çok çeşitli HKS’ler içerdiği ve arazi idaresi ile kuvvetli bir ilişkisi olduğundan dolayı mekânsal planlar incelenmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde, Türkiye AİTM ülke profiline entegre edilmek amacıyla mekânsal planlama paketi oluşturulmasına altlık oluşturacak çıktılar elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda yasal altlıklar, örnek mekânsal planlar, plan notları ve yönergeler incelenerek mekânsal planlar sınıflandırılmış, özellikleri belirlenmiş ve temsil ettiği bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Bulgular değerlendirildiğinde AİTM içerisinde mekânsal planlama paketi oluşturulması için yeterli altyapı bilgisi sağlandığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Both the conceptual schema language INTERLIS and the land administration domain model (LADM) share the same model driven architecture (MDA) principles. In this paper we explore how INTERLIS and LADM complement each other in actual implementation of land administration system based on the LADM using INTERLIS tools. In Switzerland, the requirement for a clearly defined data model that can be adapted in flexible ways resulted in a conceptual schema and object oriented language INTERLIS. The cadastral core data model and many other models (i.e. utility services, urban planning, etc.) have been defined with INTERLIS in Switzerland. The concept of the data description language INTERLIS is compatible with international standards like UML or GML/XML. The language is widely used in the country. Constraints for comprehensive data quality checking can be formulated easily. This is one of the main reasons to keep INTERLIS. INTERLIS tools are available for QGIS, FME and other systems. There is also an INTERLIS aware graphic UML editor, GML can be generated, web services (WMS) are supported, etc. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM, ISO 19152) has been formulated in INTERLIS now. The result is a layered INTERLIS model description: ISO191xx base model, generic LADM and finally country model specific model expressed in INTERLIS. From this, using INTERLIS tools database schema's (Oracle, PostgreSQL) can be generated and also a foundation for data exchange format (XML) of the specific LADM country profile is available. Specific attention will be paid to expressing the LADM constrains (expressed with pseudo OCL in ISO 19152) into INTERLIS. The paper first introduces the INTERLIS concepts and supporting documentation. Some examples are included. Then the integration of LADM is expressed. Pro's and con's are analyzed (compared to not using INTERLIS and applying just standard UML, OCL, XML). Finally, future work is presented: support of volumetric 3D primitives, more advanced constraints, etc. Briefly stated, INTERLIS brings one more option to implement LADM (with support from Switzerland) in an efficient manner, and supporting a range of actual target platforms (GIS, DBMS, etc.).

Spatial data in a Land Administration (LA) establish a fundamental geospatial data theme (see UN GGIM, 2018) and the integrated geospatial information framework for any Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). Domain-specific standards, an integral component of the SDI, play an essential role to represent the semantics of domains, specify links between distributed registries and databases, and stimulate the development and implementation for Land Administration Systems (LAS). As an international descriptive standard providing an abstract conceptual schema, the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) has been used and is being used as a reference for the implementation of LAS. Various approaches have been used for the LADM implementation that includes elaborating (via a country profile) and realizing a technical model suitable for the implementation (van Oosterom and Lemmen, 2015).LADM focuses on a specific function of LA that is interested in Rights, Responsibilities and Restrictions (RRR) affecting land, and the geometrical components thereof. The land value function of LA is considered outside the scope in the first edition. Recently, for extending the flexible and modular basis of the LADM, a valuation information model is developed for the specification of valuation information maintained by public authorities. It identifies the links between property valuation and the other LA registries and databases (e.g., cadastre, land registry, building and dwelling registries) that may enable interoperability across systems. The conceptual schema of the model provides a common basis to direct the development of local and national valuation databases and information technology products and services, following an approach similar to the LADM implementation. The proposed LADM Valuation Information Model is on the agenda of the development of the second edition of LADM within ISO/TC211.The operability of the newly proposed conceptual model needs to be evaluated through technical implementation. This paper describes the development of a prototype for the implementation of the LADM Valuation Information Model and assesses its operability through a case study for Turkey. The primary aim of the paper is to test the capabilities of the LADM Valuation Information Model using the required and produced data in recurrent valuation processes, but not to build a specific information management system for Turkey. As the implementation of a LADM compliant prototype initially requires the development of a country profile at conceptual level, methodologies applied for LADM profile development are examined and then a Turkish LADM Valuation Information Model country profile is proposed using the Conceptual Schema Languages (CSL) of the Unified Modelling Language (UML) and INTERLIS. INTERLIS is a formal language as well as a set of software tools that support LADM implementations. Subsequently, approaches and tools used in the LADM implementation are investigated and utilized for the automated transformations from the country profile to several technical models. In this context, the article presents the experiences gained during the implementations. Moreover, strategies for implementing and managing property valuation information more efficiently (e.g. bi-temporal aspects of valuation information management) are also studied and applied to the implementation. The generated technical models are then populated with sample datasets related to recurrent property valuation including the geometries of valuation units, as well as valuation information covering several years. The developed prototype is then tested through a number of queries to assess whether the LADM Valuation Information Model fulfils information management needs of recurrent valuations. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a holistic approach on how to develop an LADM conformant prototype for managing property valuation information.

The content of this Special Issue has its origin in the “5th International FIG Workshop on 3D Cadastres”, organized in Athens, Greece, 18–20 October 2016 [1][...]

Subject of study. Due to the complexity of planning processes and the interest of various parties and entities involved in spatial development and planning procedures, there is an obvious need to create a platform for managing information on spatial development planning. The aim of the study. The purpose of this article is to analyse the driving factors behind the creation of a platform (spatial planning geoportal), which should become a solution for managing, analysing and presenting spatial data related to spatial planning. This article integrates factors from urban regulatory detailed planning, land use planning, the entire life cycle of land management and construction project approval, unifies spatial data, and builds a spatial planning driver system (SPDS) by fusing data. Research methods. To realize the platform concept, we used one of the models used in system and software engineering, known as phased implementation. The concept includes a formal description of the platform’s functionality using a unified modelling language (UML), as well as the point of view of users and stakeholders. Results of work. The functionality of the platform related to spatial planning at the local level and local spatial development is shown. The spatial planning geoportal offered in this article is in line with the spatial planning reform and is intended to help in the implementation of spatial policy at both local and national levels. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis for sites with under- or overdeveloped urban planning status, the spatial relationship between them and sites with low levels of development is analysed after taking into account the driving factors to identify the impact of the driving factors on urban spatial planning and development. All of this provides new ideas and new methods to help the government plan, control and manage urban development, and can contribute to improving the efficiency and quality of the spatial planning system in Ukraine, as well as in other areas such as local government management and regional planning.

In recent years the concept of industrial symbiosis has been recognized as one of the most effective principles of the circular economy, with a positive impact on the environment on one hand and contributing to economic benefit on the other. The major role of spatial planning is to guide and coordinate different interests in the physical space and direct them in accordance with spatial planning procedures and methods. In addition to engineering, spatial planning is also recognized as a political and governmental discipline, where physical space represents the “arena” for arrangements of different activities and actions. Spatial development plans represent the legal instruments enabling the development and integration of industrial symbiosis alongside other contemporary trends in cities. In Slovenia, the potentials of industrial symbiosis are recognized only on the national level as a development axis. However, there is a lack of integration of the concept into spatial development strategies, programs and plans on the regional and local level. The concept is developed only on the level of waste management, which is based on the recycling of general household waste and not based on the exchange of waste as raw material between different industries. The main aim of the paper is to develop a methodology for integrating industrial symbiosis into spatial development plans on the strategic level. Since the City of Ljubljana is highlighted as one of the drivers of the circular economy in Slovenia, the paper will present Ljubljana as a case study of the research. The methodology will be developed based on research of the relationships between industrial symbiosis and spatial development plans and analysis of spatial development strategies, programs and plans to find the potentials for integrating a new model, industrial symbiosis, into the spatial planning system in Slovenia, which could enable a platform for the development of the circular economy.

With the development of China's social economy as well as the accelerating urbanization construction and the expanding scale of cities, the integration of land use and urban land classification based on land use spatial planning has become an important task for the sustainable development of China at present. Land use spatial classification planning is the basic basis for all kinds of development and protection construction activities, and government land use spatial planning at all levels plays an important role in implementing major national, provincial, and municipal strategies and promoting the rational and effective use of land use space. By briefly describing the spatial classification of land use and analyzing the idea of systematic integration of land use, this paper provides guidance and reference for exploring the construction of urban land use classification under land use spatial planning, aiming to improve the classification system of land use spatial planning. A neural network-based land use classification algorithm is proposed for the problems of few labeled samples of remote sensing images with high spatial resolution and feature deformation due to sensor height changes in land use spatial classification planning. By multiscale adaptive fusion of multiple convolutional layer features, the impact of feature deformation on classification accuracy is reduced. To further improve the classification accuracy, the depth features extracted from the pretraining network are used to pretrain the multiscale feature fusion part and the fully connected layer, and the whole network is fine-tuned using the augmented dataset. The experimental results show that the adaptive fusion method improves the fusion effect and effectively improves the accuracy of land use spatial classification planning.

LADM extensions to maritime domain in multi-register environment - Case study Croatia

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of selected ongoing ISO standardization activities in the domain of geographic information dealing with BIM/GIS and 3D cadastre. The presented international standards have also a close relation to the activities (e.g. 3D spatial planning) from which the smart cities could benefit. In particular, in this paper the ISO 19152 Geographic information – Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard and ISO 19166 Geographic information – BIM to GIS conceptual mapping (B2GM) standard (still under development) are emphasized. Both mentioned standards are also strongly interrelated with each other. The ISO 19152 standard supports the smart registration of real estates by providing a conceptual schema incorporating 3D parcels, i.e. the 3D cadastre. 3D cadastre can provide the accurate, authoritative and unambiguous foundation for understanding the urban form. The second version of the ISO 19152 is also going to be extended to manage the spatial planning information. This enables 3D spatial planning in connection with the legal information, which is all together of big importance for building the smart cities. Furthermore, the ISO 19166 standard is going to provide a conceptual framework for transformation of BIM into GIS (at various level of details) and vice versa. This enables a wider use of existing detailed and semantically rich 3D digital BIM data in building of the 3D cadastre and smart cities GIS projects. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • There are currently two running projects within International Organization for Standardization (ISO) from which the smart city should benefit – the international standard ISO 19166 BIM2GIS and ISO TR 23262 GIS (geospatial) / BIM interoperability. • There is an existing international standard ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) supporting the creation of the 3D cadastre. • The second version of the international standard ISO 19152, which is now under development, will bring a support for spatial planning and also the examples of technical encodings of LADM in BIM/IFC and CityGML.

Land is a very important resource worldwide, ideally all sorts of livelihood depend on land directly to a smaller or larger extent. Management of land information is a great challenge globally, more so in developing economies such as in sub-Saharan Africa. A lot of land management practices have been inherited from generations past, while others were introduced by the colonial governments to African nations. Kenya is no exception, where most land information is stored in siloed and analogue formats resulting in data loss, duplicated records, access constraints, and time wastage leading to greater inefficiencies in land transactions. <br/>There have been several attempts to model the cadastral data over time, especially via the ISO LADM standard in 2012 and profiles for different countries, nations and regions. However, it has not been possible to have a complete land administration process in most countries. This is because of a lot of resources and time required to do so using the conventional methods. Most developing countries have not recorded some tenure systems such as customary tenure and informal ownership of land. On the other hand, the LADM has not addressed how the rights of women and pastoralist could be recorded. These have led to the following problems: 1) Incomplete land administration for the whole country, 2) Unequal rights and responsibilities for land owners, and 3) Lack of interoperability framework for Land information. <br/>This research addresses the above problems by developing an all-inclusive, interoperable and distributed Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile for Kenya. This is achieved through the following specific objectives; 1) Identify Kenya’s unique requirements for the development of the LADM country profile, 2) Develop an LADM profile for Kenya based on the requirements identified, 3) Develop guidelines for Data Exchange and Interoperability based on LADM Country profile using the ISO Framework for Enterprise Interoperability Standard and 4) Implement the LADM country profile for Kenya in a test environment following the data exchange and interoperability framework developed, with the aim of contributing to the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). <br/>The research gathered and analyzed the needs that formed part of the requirements for the LADM country profile for Kenya. Both mandatory and necessary requirements were identified. Of special interest were the four unique issues for Kenya: gender recordation and rights, community land and rights, pastoralists’ temporal rights and informal occupancy and rights. These requirements were analyzed and used to develop a LADM country profile for Kenya. Based on the ISO LADM model, classes, attributes, codelists, associations and multiplicities for Kenya were modeled. In addition, external classes necessary for integration and for efficiency in data entry were identified and proposed for incorporation. <br/>Based on the ISO Framework for enterprise interoperability standard and the country profile developed, a data exchange and interoperability framework for land administration was developed. This considered the interoperability concerns, addressed the interoperability barriers and recommended an interoperability approach suitable for land administration. This was then localized to Kenya, where the data exchange and interoperability framework was localized to Kenyan context. Testing of the implementation of the profile was done through the technology using the Esri’s GIS software and by stakeholders’ engagements in the field. The model developed and the tools used were found to be conformal and implementable. For implementation in a national production environment, a pilot for the same is then recommended before a nationwide rollout. <br/>In consideration of the global sustainability goals, the Kenyan country profile developed was mapped to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ascertain its impact in the attainment of the goals. Out of the 17 SDGs, 5 goals do not speak on land explicitly, being goals 4, 8, 10, 16 and 17, the other 12 had elements of land directly or indirectly. Specifically, for this research, goal 15 and targets 1.4, 2.3, 5.a, 11.1, 15.1 and 15.3 were mapped to be addressed directly by the country profile developed. <br/>While this research suffered challenges with the COVID-19 pandemic and the piloting, the objectives were met and the questions answered. A limited fieldwork showed that the developed country profile contributes to the interoperability between the different land sector institutions in Kenya The research finally identified areas for further research especially with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in data collection, use of innovative technologies such as smartphones, unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), and Machine Learning to complete land administration, change management in the modernization transition, and 3D modeling to include the sectional properties (apartments) as an important aspect for inclusion of real estate into the land administration system.