The King’s Household, the Temple’s Household, and the City: Some Issues Concerning Economic Activities According to the Old Babylonian Documentation of Mari

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of legal regulation of economic and commercial activities carried out by business entities during the period of war in Ukraine. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of economic and commercial activities for ensuring the economic stability of the State and protection of national interests in the context of a full-scale invasion. The purpose of the article is to determine the main aspects of legal regulation of economic and commercial activity under martial law and to provide recommendations for its improvement. To achieve this goal, the study solved a number of tasks: the author defines the concept of “trade and economic activity” and the role of trade and economic activity in creating favorable conditions for stable economic growth of the country; analyzes the current state of economic and trade activity in Ukraine; examines the legal regulation of economic and trade activity in Ukraine and identifies its features; and provides recommendations for improving economic and trade activity in Ukraine. The study uses general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, association and analogy. Based on the results of the study, it is established that the legal regulation of economic and commercial activity under martial law in Ukraine has certain peculiarities aimed at ensuring economic stability and protecting national interests. These features include deregulation of economic activity, tariff regulation, licensing and quotas for foreign economic activity, currency control, technical regulation, digital transformation of the economy, trade agreements and affordable lending. For the further development of economic and trade activities under martial law in Ukraine, it is necessary to continue to improve legal regulation, focusing on further business support, creating a favorable investment climate, expanding trade relations, supporting exports and developing the domestic market. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained to formulate further strategies in the field of economic policy aimed at ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of economic and trade activities under martial law and increasing the overall level of economic development of the country.

Nyabugogo Stream receives sediment loads from practiced economic activities along its path, these sediment loads affect the composition of the water by changing its natural state, and lead to its deterioration and riverine wetland ecosystem. In this study the main sources of sediments are delineated, while corresponding loads are also quantified. After the analysis of those sediments in different periods, the relationship between economic development activities and sediment loads in Nyabugogo Stream were also determined. The findings revealed that the top most economic activities impacting the quantity of sediment load in Nyabugogo Stream were found to be mining followed by poor agricultural practices, deforestation, untreated sewages, and clay mining/fabrication of bricks respectively. Analysed samples showed in laboratory that at point A situated in Rutare sector have the lowest value of sediment loads of 3.29 × 106 tons/year while at point C situated in Kigali sector have the highest value of 141.35 × 106 tons/year, these results showed to be increased as the stream flows from Lake Muhazi to Nyabarongo River as the Stream continue to be experiencing the increase of economic activities practiced in the its catchment which also have been delineated using ArcMap, this showed the relationship between economic activities and sediment loads generated in the stream. The researchers recommend to impose the enforcement of regulations, policies and guidelines for different economic activities so that they cannot pollute natural water bodies and disturb aquatic ecosystem.

In the article, on the basis of the generalization of the theoretical and applied basis in the field of economy, law, culture, the reasons and features of the commercial activity of cultural institutions are determined. It has been established that modern science, in most cases, equates the concepts of"economic activity", "entrepreneurial activity", "economic activity", "commercial activity". Given that, the article delineates these concepts by defining the key features of economic and entrepreneurial activity. On the basis of the definition of the concept of "commercial activity", the main difference betweenit and other types is determined, the essence of which is to focus on commodity exchange or trade. The relationship between economic, entrepreneurial, economic and commercial activities is conceptualized. It has been proven that economic activity is a broader concept that includes such types as entrepreneurial, economic and commercial activities. The main types of commercial services of cultural institutions are highlighted. It has been established that the main reason for conducting commercial activities by cultural institutions is obtaining additional income. It was found that not all paid forms ofsocial and cultural activities of cultural and educational institutions, theaters, philharmonic societies, folk groups and performers are considered entrepreneurial. Additional, both traditional and new forms of financing cultural institutions are outlined. A modern concept of the development of creative industries in Ukraine has been formed, the essence of which is to use the so-called symbiosis of forms of economic activity to combine consumer, state and financial interests of cultural institutions and balance supply and demand in the field of cultural and creative industries.

Introduction. The economy of world is driven by corporations, enterprises of all forms of ownership and entrepreneurs, the basis of functioning which is economic activity, which transforms resources and processes into expected result – profit and satisfaction of social needs. In Ukraine, the normative base, scientific and professional sources interpret and determine the content of economic activity in most part, using the term economic activity (other interpretation), which determines controversy of economic and legal basis for a number of economic transactions. Thus, development of questions of clarifying terminology of economic activity and clarifying the limits of regulation of economic activity of enterprises of various social significance need to be developed. Methods. The research used methods of analysis, synthesis, concretization, which allowed to explore the content components and historical stages of understanding the economy and economic activity; methods of abstraction, logical generalization and comparison – for comparing the concepts of economic and economic (other interpretation) activity, comparison of foreign and domestic experience in the vision of the concept under study; generalization method and abstract methodology – for generating generalizations and conclusions of the study. Results. Meaningful understanding the concept of economic activity is investigated on the basis of the analysis of literary sources and normative acts, its significance from the economic, sociological, philosophical and legal point of view is revealed. The article presents a conceptual approach to the understanding of the definition of economic activity at the micro level. Discussion. Further research in this area should relate to the scientific substantiation of the management of economic activity of enterprises. Keywords. state-owned enterprise, economic activity, management, regulation.

Aim: There is no doubt that public authorities may be directly or indirectly involved in economic activity. A traditional way of distinguish state activity which is not subject to the rules of the market is to decide when the state acts as public authority. In case of state activity two category of situations should be distinguished: these where the state is engaged in an economic activity (sphere of dominium) and these when the state acts by exercising of public powers (sphere of imperium). In the opinion of the author of the article, the distinction between imperium and dominium is still relevant. According to the Competition and Consumer Protection Act of February 16, 2007, an entrepreneur is inter alia natural and legal person, as well as an organisational unit without a legal status to which legislation grants legal capacity, organising or providing public utility services which do not constitute economic activity in the meaning of the provisions on freedom of economic activity. The President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection found that public authorities exercising their administrative powers (sphere of imperium) may be classified as entrepreneurs. In the recent decisions which were subject of judicial review the President of UOKiK decided that the National Health Fund – a state authority responsible for organization and management of health care services in Poland – is an entrepreneur in the meaning of the Polish law (act on competition and consumer protection). The aim of this article is to answer the question whether competition rules should be applied to the state activity in the imperium sphere. This article will focus on the notion of an entrepreneur (undertaking) in polish and EU law in the context of the activity of the state. Design / Research methods: The objective of the article is achieved through doctrinal analysis of the relevant rules of the Polish and EU law and analysis of the recent decisions issued by the President of UOKiK, as well as judgments of the EU Courts, concerning the possibility of qualification of the widely understood state as an undertaking (entrepreneur).Conclusions / findings: From the analysis of the same concept applied in polish and EU law clearly follows that public entities acting ‘by exercising public power’ or ‘in their capacity as public authorities’ (imperium sphere) should not be classified as entrepreneurs (undertakings) in the meaning of competition law. The main scientific value added of the article are the conclusions that the provisions on the protection of competition should be applicable only to the activity of the state in the dominium sphere and that the definition of an entrepreneur and business (economic) activity should be connected to the existence of a market. Originality / value of the article: Paper should be interesting for public authorities, as well as for lawyers, dealing with problems concerning of qualification of public entities in the context of the competition law. The results of the research may be applied for example in the decisions that would be taken by the President of UOKiK. The consequences of application of the findings of the research to practice may be a change of approach to qualification of public entities in the context of the provision of competition law.

The article is devoted to the problems of financial and economic activities management of metallurgical enterprises on the basis of risk management, taking into account the division of their activities into operating, investment and financial. The essence of the risk concept in the situation of alternative behavior of the business entity is considered. The development of the economic category "Aggregate Risk" is analyzed and this concept is clarified on the basis of the alternative approach in the multi-probable situation of the final result. The indicators of determining the total risk from financial and economic activities, which were proposed by O.S. Stoyanova, have been investigated and the possibility of their application in the economy of Ukraine. The general approach to complex risk management in activity of the metallurgical enterprise has been defined. It is proposed to combine operating and investment activities and consider their combination as a single economic activity. An economic-mathematical model of optimization of the aggregate risk of the business entity was built on the basis of finding a compromise between profit maximization and minimization of aggregate risk. Analytical dependences were constructed between different parameters of functioning of the business entity, which together with the existing functional dependencies created the equations and inequalities of the obtained economic-mathematical model. It is proved that the management of the total risk of economic and financial activities at metallurgical enterprise is more effective risk management tool than the individual risks management. The application of the approach to aggregate risk management in strategic management ensures the complexity and systemic nature of risk management of industrial enterprises. The proposed conceptual approaches to the management of aggregate risk of financial and economic activities are the basis for the formation of the development strategy of the metallurgical industry. Approbation of the research results was carried out in the conditions of PJSC «Interpipe NTRP» to determine the main parameters of the risk management strategy. The effectiveness of the developed risk management strategy of the business entity is determined on the basis of the difference between the optimized and actual values of the main indicators of its financial and economic activity. The effectiveness of the implementation of the developed strategy is to reduce the overall level of risk of the enterprise by 1.71 and increase the return on capital of the enterprise by 7.65%.

Purpose. The study aims to (i) discover the various trees and shrubs appropriate for building agroforestry systems in Bulgaria’s temperate climate and their possible use in various economic activities, (ii) identify the contribution of Bulgarians’ agroforestry systems to the three dimensions of sustainable development. Results. The contributions of Bulgarians’ agroforestry systems to three pillars of sustainability were pointed out. Regarding the social dimension of sustainability, the respondents highlighted the social benefits of agroforestry (e.g., raising the standard of living and the social status of the population; providing jobs and access to renewable energy; overcoming social inequality in individual regions; providing recreation opportunities for the population; give social, educational, scientific, landscape and recreational benefits to society; generate firewood for society). The contribution of agroforestry in the environmental dimension is unquestionable. Moreover, 46 trees and 15 shrubs have been presented. The use of their products in various economic activities and industries has been discussed. These trees and shrubs are appropriate for the construction of various agroforestry systems such as forest-farming, alley-cropping, and forest-pasture agroforestry systems. Scientific novelty. A few scientific researches focus on tree species suitable for agroforestry systems in particular counties with different climates. However, there is limited research on various trees and shrubs suitable for constructing agroforestry systems in a temperate climate, especially in Bulgaria. Moreover, the use of the products of these trees and shrubs in various economic sectors and activities, which can bring additional economic value for agroforestry farmers in temperate climates, is not discussed in one paper. Practical value. The current findings will provide farmers with additional knowledge about trees and shrubs suitable for the construction of agroforestry systems in temperate climates and the possible implementation of their products in various economic activities and industries. This will encourage them to create ecoefficient agroforestry systems using some of the 46 trees and 15 shrubs, based on their regional location and local conditions, to support sustainable development and the environment. What is more, if these tree species are promoted by decision-makers and professional/farmer associations, and adopted by the farmers can support and reinforce agroforestry in Bulgaria and regions with temperate climates.

A relatively new field of historical research — environmental history — has gained a predominantly urban «specialization» in Russian historiography, focusing on the study of the impact of urbanization and industrial human activity. Meanwhile, the chain of «nature use — economic activity — ecology» is clearly reflected in the agrarian economy, including the specific activities of its actors — the peasants. For the main sectors of peasant economy - agriculture and animal husbandry, the natural and climatic conditions of their habitat serve as determining «technological» parameters, as well as the outcomes of production. At the same time, by carrying out their economic and domestic activities, farmers transform the natural landscape into an anthropogenic one, which, in turn, highlights the relevance of addressing rural ecological issues. This article attempts to explore the meaning of the term “ecological culture” and its application to Russian peasantry, as well as the history of the concept’s formation in ethnographic and historical studies.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine key factors affecting the economic involvement of women in Bangladesh and women’s involvement with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) particularly in microcredit operating in that country.Design/methodology/approach– The study uses nationally representative data set. Quantitative analysis was utilised to explore data contained in the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys 2007 and 2011.Findings– The findings indicate that age, marital status, number of children living in the household, place of residence, geographical location, education, partner’s education and the wealth index are important factors in enabling women’s involvement in economic activities. In other words, the key findings emerged from the study are first, the low level of women’s economic activities in Bangladesh with a majority involved in farming, agriculture and poultry; second, those women involved in the labour market generally tended to come from poor backgrounds, have very little education, live in the Northwest geographical region and have a large family living in the same house; and finally, age, currently married, having a higher number of children, living in rural areas, from the Northwest region with almost no education and belonging to the poor wealth index quintile are found to be associated more with NGO activities in Bangladesh.Social implications– The findings indicate there are potential barriers that are preventing Bangladeshi women from engaging in the labour market that could reinforce the case for reshaping the government’s labour policies. The study reveals that the recent economic crisis has no significant impact on the women labour force participation as well their involvement in NGO activities in Bangladesh. It is generally understood that enhancing women’s economic participation and NGO activities has a positive impact at family, community and country levels. The study concludes that investing in women, particularly in creating employment opportunities including NGO sectors can help the country as a safeguard even during the economic crisis. It is anticipated that the findings will help policy-makers in enhancing female labour force participation as well as encouraging them to engage in NGO activities in Bangladesh.Originality/value– The research paper is original in terms of conceptual framework, research design and statistical analysis.

The object of the work is study of methods for analyzing the current financial and economic performance of a company as well as the usage of existing methods for the assessment of the company in the current and future periods. Analysis of financial and economic performance provides not only assessment of the current situation of a company, but a projection of its future behavior. Thus, the results can be used for planning and prediction. Different ways of handling of economic information are currently used in activity analysis to study the factors influencing the performance of a company and to account its reserves. An objective assessment of the financial and economic situation of the modern enterprise is the crucial part of justified decision-making. It forms the basis for determining the development strategy and acts as one of the key indicators for investors and creditors. Tracking and evaluating the effectiveness of a company requires above all comprehensive assessment of its financial and economic activities, monitoring the implementation of decisions, and identification of reserves for improvement. The process of activity analysis requires generalization of models which allow using their results both as a guide for future development of the economic system as well as a base for comparison and evaluation of the present state of the company. This enables justified decision making in particular situations and clarifies usage of existing methods for assessment of the company in the current and future periods. Results . Financial and economic activities of a company require comprehensive analysis, which may be carried out in the following steps: formulating and analyzing business objectives of the company, forming the information basis, constructing a comparison table, analyzing the data, producing a comprehensive rating score of the financial and economic situation of the company. Comprehensive rating score should take into account all important parameters of financial, economic, and industrial activity in the company. It should be constructed using the data on the production potential of the company, its profitability and business activity, financial independence and financial status, etc. The rating score can be determined using additive convolution. Practical value . Thus, a comprehensive analysis of financial and economic performance of a company through dynamic analysis using reference matrices allows: to get a justified assessment of the financial position and financial results of the company; to identify the causes of changes in financial position and financial results; to calculate a comprehensive rating that takes into account the most important parameters of financial, economic, and production activity of the company; to provide well-reasoned managerial decisions in finance in order to improve the financial condition and financial results of the company and to increase the efficiency of its economic activity. Achieved results enable conducting a comprehensive analysis of the financial and economic state of public institutions.

The article presents the most important examples of castellan Jan from Pilcza economic and foundational activity in the context of other Iuniores faction members achievements. The text elaborates endowments and ways of managing the lands by Jan from Pilcza and members of the young nobles party. It contains also some observations about common points of iuniores actions – groups known as the main part of the opposition against bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki. Recognition of these activities profiles is helpful in better understanding the ideological and political attitude of medieval Crown of Polish Kingdom noble elite representatives, who were participants of Spytko from Melsztyn confederetion. The Jan from Pilcza biography is an example of political and social advancement in times of Władysław III and Kazimierz Jagiellończyk reigns. His economic activity had been mainly based on profits from his lands and developing, inter alias, trade markets. Privileges which he dedicated for Tyczyn and Łańcut confirm the observed trend. Also mining was an economy branch developed in described region by Jan from Pilcza. The mentioned activity had a positive impact on defensive capability of Crown of Polish Kingdom. Jan from Pilcza’s economic activities, such as salt-mining organizing, could be viewed as similar to other iuniores. In that context it is necessary to highlight that iuniores chantry actions, endowments and a lot of connections between them and catholic Church are denying the thesis about Hussitism among this political faction representatives.

Introduction. The structure of the concept of "economic activity", in addition to the specific content related to empirical reality, includes philosophical content related to the scientific picture of the world. Hence the problem arises: in the process of the historical development of economic science, the semantic inertia of past ideas about the world and man, manifested in language constructions, remains in the concept of "economic activity". These changes should be taken into account in the educational process, since the concept of "economic activity" is one of the didactic units. Materials and methods. The research material is reference and educational literature, as well as economic classics (works of Aristotle, etc.). The article uses methods of philosophical analysis, primarily systematic and comparative. The systematic method allows us to identify the determinants of the philosophical content of the concept of "economic activity" associated with the scientific picture of the world. The comparative method allows us to assess the change in the philosophical content of the concept in the course of its historical development, to consider the commensurability of new and traditional meanings. The results of the study. The solution of the problem of the philosophical content of the concept of "economic activity" requires the elimination of the ideological heritage of past epochs, in particular, the ancient one (naturally, taking into account the historical value of this heritage). It is important to modernize the philosophical content of the concept of "economic activity" within the framework of the modern scientific picture of the world. In the latter, the understanding of economic activity is correct as not one of the types, but as one of the aspects of human activity, evaluating this activity from the point of view of value. Discussion and conclusion. The implementation of these theoretical and methodological procedures is expedient. The change of scientific pictures of the world, which occurs in the course of the development of science, leads to significant changes in the philosophical content of the conceptual apparatus of economic science. If these changes are not taken into account in the educational and reference literature, this negatively affects the quality of the economist's training.

Tirtonirmolo is one of the villages in Kasihan District that has routinely administrative services and is supported by village community business entities so that the community's economic activities grow and make a positive stretch for the village economy and the welfare of its people. Dynamic economic and governmental activities at this time seem to stop suddenly. There is no activity as usual because of the coronavirus outbreak, which has changed the structure of society, both government services and the economic movement of the community. The problem of the Tirtonirmolo Government is the government must continue its service duties and encourage community empowerment to continue to carry out economic activities, with the guarantee that the implementation of government services and economic activities must run safely. Safe that previously mentioned is to implement a social distancing protocol, so that road governance and the economic movement of the community can increase. This service activity is designing a service information system based on the needs of the village government, designing automatic disinfectant tools to fulfill the protocols, and designing a work environment based on keeping the distance. Economic empowerment is carried out by designing an information system for products and services online so that the economic movement of the Tirtonirmolo community will recover as before the Covid-19 outbreak. The expected output target in this community service program is to restore a clean and healthy working environment, as well as an increasing economic movement.

The article deals with the issues of peculiarities of modernisation of legislation in the field of trade and economic activity in the context of European integration.It is noted that economic and trade activity is the industry which is subject to active modernisation, taking into account the requirements of the Association Agreement. The author concludes that the obligations to adapt Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation in trade have changed due to the fact that a number of EU acts have been amended or repealed, and therefore it is now important to implement the novelties of EU legislation in the period after ratification of the Association Agreement. The term «economic and commercial activity» used in the Commercial Code of Ukraine essentially means trading activities carried out by business entities. Expanding the scope of digitalisation of economic and commercial activities is another vector of European integration. The food supply chain is vulnerable to unfair trade practices due to a sharp imbalance between small and large agricultural market operators. In Ukraine, we see unfair practices when large retailers dictate the terms of market entry and payment for products. Therefore, the implementation of the provisions of Directive 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trade practices between undertakings in the agriculture and food sectors is important for Ukraine. In general, EU legislation is quite dynamic, especially given the direction of EU policy towards the development of a green economy and digitalisation, and a number of provisions are being adopted to improve trade in these areas. For Ukraine, an important task is not only to adapt national legislation to the existing EU acts, but also to take into account the legal policy ideas that are actively discussed and developed in the EU, in particular, the provisions on harmonisation of business law.

The study dealt with the economic and social activity of women at the College of Community Development, El-Neelain University,the study dealt with the economic and social activity of women at the College of women at the College of Community Development, EL-Neelain University,this study aimed to identify the type and size of the economic and social activity of women in the centers of the College of Community Development and their contribution to increasing production and productivity and pushing them towards development. The study adopted the historical method and the statistical analytical method as well as other means such as structured interview, observation and the questionnaires. The study was based on primary data collected during the filed work ,supplemented by secondary data from both published and unpublished sources. The main findings of the study dare: The accelerating entry of woman into informal econmicsector during the late period.the increasing entry of women into economic activity and production was followed by achange in the division of domestic work,each member of the family own private income –generating projects, the family is self- sufficient in daily living requirementsm,it was also clearly shown the emergence of some manufacturing industries, such as meat products, dairy products,drying juice ,soap, sewing, pastries and baked good, and embroidery of clothes. One of the most important recommendations of the study was the training of women in the field of product quality, packaging,packaging and marketing.