Abstract
A classification of engineering systems is proposed in terms of the interplay between man-made structures and the natural environment. The functional classification distinguishes: (a) productive systems, divided in turn into extractive and manufacturing systems, and (b) service systems, which fall into active and passive systems. Active service systems are the most significant in the man-nature interplay because they are designed to produce certain desired changes in the environment or to prevent undesirable impacts by the productive engineering systems. Extractive and service systems, on the one hand, and the natural features affected by them, on the other hand, constitute integrated geo-engineering complexes that need to be studied, designed and planned as entities by interdisciplinary teams. Failure to fit past geo-engineering complexes properly into their physical and economic environment now requires costly remedial measures.
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