Abstract
The microbial community of the gut conveys significant benefits to host physiology. A clear relationship has now been established between gut bacteria and host metabolism in which microbial-mediated gut hormone release plays an important role. Within the gut lumen, bacteria produce a number of metabolites and contain structural components that act as signaling molecules to a number of cell types within the mucosa. Enteroendocrine cells within the mucosal lining of the gut synthesize and secrete a number of hormones including CCK, PYY, GLP-1, GIP, and 5-HT, which have regulatory roles in key metabolic processes such as insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, fat storage, and appetite. Release of these hormones can be influenced by the presence of bacteria and their metabolites within the gut and as such, microbial-mediated gut hormone release is an important component of microbial regulation of host metabolism. Dietary or pharmacological interventions which alter the gut microbiome therefore pose as potential therapeutics for the treatment of human metabolic disorders. This review aims to describe the complex interaction between intestinal microbiota and their metabolites and gut enteroendocrine cells, and highlight how the gut microbiome can influence host metabolism through the regulation of gut hormone release.
Highlights
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is host to a highly complex microbial ecosystem, comprising of bacteria, yeast, fungi, bacteriophages, and other viruses (Scarpellini et al, 2015), as well as protozoa and archaea (Koskinen et al, 2017; Laforest-Lapointe and Arrieta, 2018)
Microbiota depletion in mice confers significant protection against metabolic dysregulation induced by a high-fat diet such as obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (Suarez-Zamorano et al, 2015), all of which are hallmarks of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D)
A key link has been established between the gut microbiome and the release of several gut hormones that are important regulators of peripheral metabolism
Summary
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is host to a highly complex microbial ecosystem, comprising of bacteria, yeast, fungi, bacteriophages, and other viruses (Scarpellini et al, 2015), as well as protozoa and archaea (Koskinen et al, 2017; Laforest-Lapointe and Arrieta, 2018). Microbial Modulation of Gut Hormone Release metabolism (Turnbaugh et al, 2006; Turnbaugh and Gordon, 2009; Vrieze et al, 2012, 2014; Le Chatelier et al, 2013; Nieuwdorp et al, 2014; Blaut, 2015; Hartstra et al, 2015; Seeley et al, 2015; Suarez-Zamorano et al, 2015; Aguirre et al, 2016; Pedersen et al, 2016; Molinaro et al, 2017; Rodrigues et al, 2017; Brubaker, 2018; Fabbiano et al, 2018) This is well-illustrated by the transfer of microbiota from lean and obese human twins into germ-free (GF) mice lacking a native gut microbiome, resulting in the conveyance of the metabolic phenotype of the host (Ridaura et al, 2013). This review aims to describe how intestinal microbiota and their metabolites can influence host metabolism through the regulation of gut hormone release
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