The influence of the compensation character of personal insurance on the legal regulation of accumulation

In the information age, personal information of citizens is recognized as a critical asset in corporate management. A recent data breach incident involving SK Telecom in South Korea resulted in the leakage of personal information of approximately 27 million users. The estimated damage amounts to several hundred billion Korean won, making it one of the most significant hacking incidents in the nation's history with far-reaching societal repercussions. Such personal data breaches should not be regarded merely as isolated incidents involving the leakage of user information. Rather, they must be understood as disaster-level events in which a company's main servers are compromised, leading to the mass leakage of sensitive data from a vast number of users all at once. To prepare for such nationwide disasters, the utilization of insurance systems is necessary. In South Korea, current laws mandate certain companies to subscribe to insurance policies aimed at strengthening personal information protection. However, the frequent amendments to the eligibility criteria stipulated in the Enforcement Decree of the Personal Information Protection Act have caused considerable confusion among businesses. As the use of personal data continues to grow, the issue of personal information infringement is no longer a matter solely for corporate response, but a serious policy challenge that requires direct attention and intervention from the government. This study examines cyberattacks, which represent one of the most prominent forms of future personal data breaches, and investigates the insurance systems currently implemented to address such incidents, along with relevant legal frameworks. In doing so, this paper conducts a comparative analysis of domestic and international insurance systems, legal regulations, and policies, with the aim of proposing effective strategies to promote the adoption and development of personal data protection insurance.

Стаття присвячена окремим питанням правового регулювання страхування спортсменів. Встановлено, що: страхування спортсменів від нещасних випадків є одним із різновидів страхування, поряд із страхуванням особистого майна спортсменів, інвентарю та обладнання команд, цивільною відповідальністю організаторів спортивних змагань, учасників спортивних правовідносин (гравців, суддів, тренерів, вболівальників тощо) перед третіми особами на випадок смерті, каліцтва чи іншого ушкодження здоров'я та страхування на випадок скасування, відстрочення, перенесення спортивних заходів з причин, що не залежать від учасників та організаторів змагань.
 З'ясовано, що дослідження страхування в галузі спорту має провадитись з урахуванням його поділу на спорт на аматорський або непрофесійний та професійний спорт, під яким слід розуміти комерційний напрямок діяльності у спорті, пов'язаний з підготовкою та проведенням видовищних спортивних заходів на високому організаційному рівні з метою отримання прибутку.
 З'ясовано, що спортсмени вищих категорій підлягають обов'язковому страхуванню відповідно до чинного законодавства України. Надана характеристика та встановлені особливості правового статусу страхувальника, страховика та застрахованого в договорах обов'язкового страхування спортсменів віщих категорій.
 Проаналізовані випадки, від настання яких провадиться страхування. Визначені групи ризиків залежно від виду спорту, небезпечності травм та ймовірності настання випадку та їх вплив на розмір страхового тарифу в разі страхування.
 З'ясовано, що страхування в галузі спорту може провадиться з метою реклами та піару компанії.

Introduction: the division of insurance into indemnity insurance and insurance of fixed sums is as common in European legal doctrine as the differentiation between property and personal insurance in Russian law. The article investigates the functions and main features of indemnity insurance and modern trends in legal regulation of this type of insurance. Purpose: to demonstrate the evolution of the compensation insurance model, caused, among other things, by the penetration of the pro-consumer approach in insurance law; to assess the current state of Russian legislation on insurance contract and the proposals for its reform (formulated in Draft revision of Chapter 48 of the Civil Code) from the perspective of the indemnity insurance model. Methods: the authors apply a comparative legal research method to the legislation and doctrine of Russia, Estonia and other EU member states, model acts of insurance law (Principles of European Insurance Contract Law[1]), and also use methods of retrospective analysis. Results:the authors conclude that the indemnity insurance model is still based on long-established principles (necessity of insurance interest, good faith, etc.), although their interpretation may change over time. In addition, the strengthening of pro-consumer ideas has a significant impact on contractual relationship in indemnity insurance: the standard of requirements to the policyholder (insured person) and his liability for breach of contractual duties have been softened, while the level of requirements to the insurer as a professional subject is increasing. This is reflected in formalization of the information duty of the policyholder at the pre-contractual stage, replacement of the all-or-nothing principle by the principle of proportionality when imposing sanctions on the policyholder, including mandatory testing for the causal link between the breach of contract and materialization of risk or increase in damage. It is concluded that the Russian legislation on insurance contract requires a conceptual reform, including through the consistent introduction of the proportionality principle in all cases when sanctions are applied to the policyholder.

The principle of insurable interest has existed for a long time in countries with developed insurance markets. In many countries, it has been introduced in legal regulations that can regulate it entirely and strictly. In Vietnam, no law regulated it until the first Law on the Insurance Business of Vietnam was passed by the National Assembly in 2000, and recently, it was replaced by the new Law 2022. Thus, it is not easily accessible in Vietnam, especially for insurance customers in the context of changes when applying the new Law. In the article, the author employs a qualitative research methodology that collects and synthesizes secondary data from published articles and provisions in Vietnam’s legal framework to review the literature on insurable interest, which includes analyzing historical developments and legal frameworks in various jurisdictions, such as the UK, USA, and China, to provide context to the principle’s evolution and application in Vietnam. The article systematically examines the provisions of the Law on Insurance Business in Vietnam (both the 2000 and the 2022 versions), specifically focusing on the provisions regulating the principle of insurable interest. The author identifies shortcomings in the earlier legislation and discusses amendments introduced in the new Law. This legal analysis is crucial for understanding how Vietnam defines and regulates insurable interest in the personal insurance contract. The article forecasts potential opportunities and risks associated with implementing the new Law on Insurance Business 2022 provisions concerning insurable interest. It also discusses policy implications to ensure the stable development of Vietnam’s insurance market.

Legal regulation of accident insurance agreement at sea for ship passengers Article 3 of Law No. 2 of 1992 on insurance business. Implementing the accident insurance agreement at sea for passengers of ships is the implementation of the rights and obligations of the parties to the insurance agreement. Factors that become obstacles to the examination of the accident insurance agreement at sea for passengers on ships are late or inappropriate premium payments, reporting claims that exceed the period due to events that are not guaranteed in the policy, the insured cannot complete the required claim supporting documents, the insured does not file a claim 12 months after the incident, and the insured demands more than specified in the policy. An accident insurance agreement at sea for passengers of ships is the implementation of the rights and obligations of the parties to the insurance agreement. The primary obligation of the insurer in the insurance agreement, especially personal accident insurance, is to compensate losses in the form of compensation, which is the insured's right. However, the obligation to compensate is a conditional obligation for the occurrence or non-occurrence of an agreed event resulting in a loss due to an accident. More stringent legal arrangements are needed in the accident insurance agreement at sea for ship passengers to pay more attention to the principles of the Criminal Procedure Code, which is a simple, fast, and light cost to immediately implement the next stage of the judicial process.

A key focus of the modernization of the law-enforcement bodies is to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement activity. Addressing these issues is possible with improving the mechanisms of formation and implementation of social policy in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in particular concerning social insurance of employees. World experience shows that the system of social insurance - this is one of the major institutions of social policy in a market economy, called to provide the realization of the constitutional right to maintenance in certain cases. The mechanism of compulsory social insurance for employees of law-enforcement bodies has its own characteristics, which consist in objects and subjects of insurance, types of insurance claims, the insurance payments and social security contributions, the financial mechanisms of formation of insurance resources and funding, insurance payments. There are now also developing a program of voluntary social insurance. The practice of foreign countries shows that access to voluntary insurance for citizens at risk is virtually nonexistent. These categories of people are employees of the «power» structures whose professional activity is often associated with the risk to life and health, and that due to the specific service limited opportunities to obtain additional income. Obviously, in the respect of law enforcement officers is a priority system of the state compulsory insurance. The development of this system should move towards improving the legal regulation of the mechanisms of formation and implementation of state personal insurance for employees and improving the mechanisms of choice of insurer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-2-9

In this article the author investigates the issue of violation of the principle of freedom of life and health insurance contract. The Institute of insurance is of great interest for legal science, as the need for life and health insurance is constantly growing, and therefore the author pays attention to the life and health insurance contract itself, namely the essential conditions and its elements. The article analyzes some of the most important questions about the principle of freedom of civil contract in general and the contract of life and health insurance in particular. The purpose of the article is to improve the modern legal regulation of personal insurance in the Russian Federation, as well as the study of judicial practice on life and health insurance, which determines the relevance and practical significance of this research. In addition, in this scientific article the author gives various scientific opinions on the principle of freedom of contract. On the basis of the conducted research for the resolution of legal problems in the field of personal insurance, the author of the article proposes to pay attention to the principle of freedom of contract when concluding a life and health insurance contract. The paper uses general scientific and special methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction, deduction, logical method and comparative legal method. The results of this study can be used in educational, scientific, forensic and other activities.