Abstract
This paper presents the results of the measurements and analysis of the influence of laser process parameters on the color obtained. The study was conducted for titanium (Grade 2) using a commercially available industrial pulsed fiber laser. It was determined how a variety of different laser process parameters, such as laser power, the scanning speed of the material, the temperature of the material, the size of the marked area, and the position of the sample, relative to both the focal plane and the center of the working field of the system, affect the repeatability of the colors created. For an objective assessment of color changes, an optical spectrometer and the CIE color difference parameter $\Delta E_{ab}^{*}$ were used. Our paper explains why the tolerance of process parameters highly depends on the specific color. Additionally, a comparison of the results for titanium with those obtained for stainless steel in a previous study is presented. Based on this analysis, a number of necessary modifications are proposed to laser systems commonly used for monochrome marking in order to improve repeatability in color marking.
Highlights
Titanium oxide coatings have a variety of useful physical properties
Several descriptions of laser color formation on a metal surface can be found in literature, but there is still a lack of information about which of the process parameters have an impact on the reproducibility of the colors created, and to what extent
The results show that the tolerance of process parameters, enabling repeatable colors to be obtained highly depends on the specific color
Summary
Titanium oxide coatings have a variety of useful physical properties. Applications include electrodes for photovoltaic cells [1], environmental purification, sterilization, and cancer therapy Color markings on metal surfaces are made by printing, emulsion coating, or electrolytic oxidation techniques. The two main methods of laser coloring of metals have been approached in published literature. The first utilizes a laser as a heat source, which allows a transparent or semitransparent oxide film to form on the metal surface [6, 8, 14, 17, 18]. Color can be obtained on the surface of various metals by the laser-induced formation of periodic surface structures (LIPSS), known as. Several descriptions of laser color formation on a metal surface can be found in literature, but there is still a lack of information about which of the process parameters have an impact on the reproducibility of the colors created, and to what extent
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