The Influence of Post-earthquake Reconstruction on the Urban Continuity of Antakya: The Cases of Akevler and Gülderen Neighbourhoods

Comparison study on two post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction modes in China

Women's participation in development activities is in a meager condition, if not neglected. There are a lot more to do to accomplish in the path of participation of women in every landscape of society. Thus, the participation of women in post-earthquake reconstruction is a crucial subject at this time. In these circumstances, this study had been initiated. Empowerment is a situation where women have their self-dependency, free mobility, free participation on their own desired sector and field. The meaning of empowerment becomes meaning-ful when women become economically, socially and politically strong. In this regard, this study aims to explore the situation of women’s participation in reconstruction of private households and to establish the key factors that enable or hinder women’s involvement in post-earthquake reconstruction. The study has been based on primary source, data collected from interview schedule by fulfilling the validity from the review of literature with the sample from in Dhunibeshi Municipality Ward No. 2, Dhading The study concludes that the participation of women in the process of post-earthquake reconstruction has-been outstanding. It has great impact on the ideology and the structure of the society. Although it was a rough ride for women to participate actively in reconstruction, their contribution will have been valued in the country's economy and society.

After the Wenchuan earthquake, large numbers of NGOs entered the quake area and provided large amounts of social services. Analysis of survey responses from 149 NGOs has allowed three basic models to be identified among NGOs engaging in post-quake reconstruction: (1) university social work stations; (2) civil organizations; and (3) government-embedded organizations. Because reconstruction is a long-term task, adjustments to current strategies may merit consideration. First, the disproportionate weight currently placed on heavy infrastructure over social services and society-building must be rebalanced. Second, all of society ‐ and especially the government ‐ should recognize the enormous significance and the enormous role NGO services have played in post-quake reconstruction. Third, cooperative arrangements should be explored between grant makers like the government, enterprises, and foundations and NGOs. Fourth, trial introduction of people-run non-enterprise units to the quake area should be explored. Fifth, relations between NGOs and the government should be smoothed to ensure that NGOs have a legal space in which to conduct their social work. Sixth, NGOs must put more work into capacity building.

By collecting field data, reconnaissance site conditions, laboratory test and numerical analysis, it can carry out seismic safety evaluation of the Minxian post-earthquake reconstruction relocated concentrated settlements. According to grasp the site characterization of relocated concentrated settlements, site classification and its potential secondary seismic and geologic hazards, the paper will be from site classification and slope stability analysis to analyze the Minxian Wangjiagou post-earthquake reconstruction settlements site safety. On the basis of the calculation of the safety coefficient, combined with the "Specification of Geological Investigation for Lanslide Stabilization" and "Code for seismic design of buildings", the paper will give the site's seismic safety evaluation.

The high degree of integration of the Engineering-Procurement-Construction (EPC) method can more effectively reduce waste during construction and improve the sustainability of post-disaster reconstruction. The post-earthquake reconstruction in China is increasingly using the EPC method, and it is necessary to sort out the applicability and operating mechanism of the EPC method in the context of reconstruction. This study first established a process model for the post-earthquake reconstruction EPC project, and extracted 15 influencing factors. By using the fuzzy DEMATEL method, the prominence and mutual influence relationship between factors are determined. After setting a reasonable threshold, the key factors and influence paths are revealed. The study finds that the owner’s behavior, owner’s requirement, general contractor, available resources, contract and plan, and optimization information are the factors that need to be prioritized for resource allocating and managing, and they have a clear path of influence on other factors.

4.20 Lushan earthquake in 2013 is another major natural disaster happened in Sichuan, China after 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. The practical experience gained during the earthquake relief and post-earthquake reconstruction would have profound influence on China’s model of earthquake management, post-earthquake reconstruction and even social governance in 21st century. The present paper is based on personal experience during 4.20 Lushan earthquake reconstruction from an overall perspective. With a detailed systemization of all practical experience gained through government-leading post-disaster rescue and reconstruction work, the Lushan post-earthquake social reconstruction with a connotation of “resource coordination platform as the carrier, social organization cultivation the foundation, social service provision the method” has been brought up. The new post-earthquake social reconstruction operation model of “government leading, government and society coordinating, rescue in order, mutual support” has also been put forward. Effort has also been done in the analysis of the intrinsic operation mechanism of the previous model to reconstruct China’s disaster and crisis management model, hoping to provide practical evidence for China’s regular social governance operation mechanism.

The residential building typology of Stone in Mud Mortar (SMM) masonry contributed significantly to the seismic losses caused by the 2015 Nepalese seismic sequence, also known as the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. SMM masonry is the most common construction type in Nepal, and notwithstanding the extensive damage, this has persisted in the post-earthquake reconstruction. This paper provides first an overview of the extent of damage and typical failure modes suffered by this typology. Some pressing issues in the ongoing post-earthquake reconstruction, such as building usability, construction quality are then discussed. The results of seismic analyses on both the pre-earthquake (PRE-SMM) and post-earthquake built (POST-SMM) typologies, using the applied element method employing a modelling strategy that accounts for the random shape of stone units, are then presented and discussed in terms of capacity curves and failure mechanisms. As per the seismic design code of Nepal, seismic performance assessment is conducted to understand the seismic design levels of these constructions. Finally, seismic fragility and vulnerability functions for both the PRE-SMM and POST-SMM typologies, considering the uncertainty in ground motions and material quality, are presented and discussed. Considering the seismic hazard in Nepal, the PRE-SMM typology is found to be highly vulnerable and seismic strengthening of these buildings is urgent. On the other hand, the POST-SMM typology has adequate seismic capacity and performs within the serviceability limit, given the quality of both the construction materials and workmanship are not compromised.

The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred on May 12, 2008, caused a large number of casualties and substantial property losses. Postearthquake reconstruction is a complex and systematic project, the core of which is to enable the residents of the earthquake-stricken areas to resume normal productivity and life as soon as possible. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of postearthquake reconstruction in extremely earthquake-stricken areas. From the perspective of the inputs and outputs, the DEA-Malmquist index was used to construct a reconstruction efficiency evaluation model for the extremely stricken areas. Reconstruction efficiencies are analyzed for 10 areas that were severely impacted by the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, three major disaster-pregnancy environmental factors, namely, including topography, fault zones, and river systems, are selected. Based on the temporal trend of reconstruction efficiency, the degree of correlation between the postearthquake reconstruction efficiency fluctuation and the three major disaster-pregnancy environmental factors is analyzed. The study results show that the overall reconstruction efficiency of the 10 extremely earthquake-stricken areas was relatively high. In 2011, the reconstruction efficiency basically returned the areas to preearthquake levels, and there was a small fluctuation in efficiency due to the effects of earthquake-induced hazards and the reduction of external forces. Spatially, the reconstruction efficiencies of the 10 extremely stricken areas do not show a “convergence effect,” and the reconstruction efficiencies were closely related to the characteristics of the resources in the extremely stricken areas. In terms of the main disaster-pregnancy environment, the terrain complexity is most closely related to fluctuation of reconstruction efficiency, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975, followed by river network density and the lowest fault density. Therefore, to improve the reconstruction efficiency of the extremely earthquake-stricken areas, the adjustment measures that promote local advantages should be fully utilized to mitigate the lasting effects of earthquake-induced hazards.

Experience and Lessons of Post-Earthquake Reconstruction in Luhuo County

Assessing Gender Vulnerability within Post-earthquake Reconstruction: Case Study from Indonesia

A huge quantity of solid wastes produced by Wenchuan earthquake has brought us a great challenge to dispose and also aroused people's great attentions to search for a rational and effective method to deal with such mass wastes, as well as the recycled aggregate concrete used in construction has been heated discussed worldwide. In this paper, the essentiality and feasibility of using recycled aggregate concrete in China are presented by comparing with reusing waste situations and technologies in other countries. Along with a brief overview of the engineering properties of recycled aggregates, the paper gives the summary of application of recycled concrete in present construction and specifications or codes for using these aggregates in new concrete which shows the values of environmental protection, economic benefits and social sustainable development. Meanwhile, facing with many barriers in more widespread use of recycled concrete, some suggestions have been proposed expecting better sustainable development in post-earthquake reconstruction and foreseeable future.

The post-earthquake rapid accurate assessment of macro influence of seismic ground motion is of significance for earthquake emergency relief, post-earthquake reconstruction and scientific research. The seismic intensity distribution map released by the Lushan earthquake field team of the China Earthquake Administration (CEA) five days after the strong earthquake (M7.0) occurred in Lushan County of Sichuan Ya’an City at 8:02 on April 20, 2013 provides a scientific basis for emergency relief, economic loss assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction. In this paper, the means for blind estimation of macroscopic intensity, field estimation of macro intensity, and review of intensity, as well as corresponding problems are discussed in detail, and the intensity distribution characteristics of the Lushan “4.20” M7.0 earthquake and its influential factors are analyzed, providing a reference for future seismic intensity assessments.

Decision-Making for Recovery and Reconstruction Following a Strong Earthquake

This article expands the sociology of development literature by unpacking how the influx of hundreds of NGOs and INGOs following Nepal’s 2015 earthquakes operated as an unprecedented “post-disaster development surge.” Reframing reconstruction as development renders visible the linkages, continuations, and ruptures between the post-earthquake reconstruction and the existing development paradigm in Nepal. This study draws on qualitative research conducted in two districts severely affected by the earthquakes to examine the local unintended consequences of reconstruction through a critical development lens. I find that post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal was embedded within broader historical, political, cultural, and social relations of development that significantly shaped the reconstruction process and its unintended outcomes. The research suggests that Nepal’s post-earthquake development surge produced two paradoxical effects at the local level: it accentuated practices and scales of power previously defined by development, and it catalyzed shifting expectations and furthered the questioning of prevailing development doxa. These findings provide key insights to inform future post-disaster reconstruction efforts and mitigate unintended consequences at the local level.

Directive (EU) 2018/844 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency were to be implemented by European Union member states by March 2020. In particular, an explicit reference to existing historical buildings and contexts appeared for the first time in paragraph 18 of the cited Directive 844. This requires member states to encourage research into and the testing of new solutions to improve the energy performance of historical buildings and sites, while also safeguarding and preserving cultural heritage. At last, at European level, there is a sense of awareness of the importance of historical buildings and contexts that architectural, technical–construction and environmental values must be protected and preserved. To date, in fact, the current legislation has revealed deep issues over time, which has become extremely evident during the post-earthquake reconstruction. In this context, issues and practices that focus on sustainable process should be embraced. This theoretical position supports the introduction of principles that will allow the use of what technology offers and all the scientific and technical knowledge now widely available. The implementation of sustainability policies must be based on local knowledge and conditions that allow the highlighting of environmental issues and energy-efficient possibilities. This chapter presents a methodology applied to the city of L’Aquila that allows for the identification of homogeneous areas with regard to environmental behaviour, in which specific strategies could be implemented. These strategies take into consideration the analysis of the values, the transformable elements, the new users’ needs, the level of damage as well as the latest technological solutions in the field of environmental sustainability. In this way, compatible design solutions will be identified and developed based on a sensitive case-by-case approach to the repair and reconstruction of historic buildings damaged during a disaster event.