Abstract
BackgroundThe aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities.MethodsThirty-seven 60-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups: control (C, n = 18, standard diet) and obese (OB, n = 19, high-saturated fat diet), for 33 weeks. Nutritional profile: food and caloric intake, feed efficiency, body weight, and adiposity index. Complications: in plasma were analyzed dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose intolerance, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, plasmatic C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); in the myocardial and epididymal adipose tissue were assessed IL-6 and TNF-α. Comorbidities: diabetes mellitus and systemic blood pressure (SBP). Student’s t test, ANOVA, and Bonferroni P < 0.05.ResultsThe final body weight, feed efficiency, and adiposity index were higher in OB group than in control; although food intake was lower in OB group, caloric intake was similar in both groups. Specific parameters, such as LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, CRP, TNF-α in epididymal adipose tissue, and IL-6 in the myocardium, were higher in obese rats than in controls. SBP, baseline glucose, and glucose after 2 h of overload were significantly increased in OB group; however, the severity was not enough to classify the animals as diabetic and hypertensive.ConclusionObesity induced by a diet high in saturated fatty acids with balanced carbohydrates for 33 weeks in Wistar rats was effective in triggering complications but unable to develop comorbidities.
Highlights
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities
This disease can lead to complications, such as inflammation, alteration of the redox system, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which may result in comorbidities as atherosclerosis [4,5,6,7], nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [8], diabetes mellitus [9], and systemic blood pressure [10]
Due to the reduction in energy availability from carbohydrates, the fat becomes the main source of energy, which could cause a decrease in fat deposits and attenuates the pathogenic events associated with obesity [23]. Considering this issue as well as the harmful role of saturated fat [21, 22], here we tested the hypothesis that the obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities
Summary
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that obesity induced by a diet rich in saturated fats and balanced in carbohydrates is associated with the development of systemic complications and comorbidities. Different types of high-fat diet have been used in animal models to develop complications and comorbidities observed in human obesity [11,12,13]. It is not well defined what would be the most appropriate diet to build up the triad in experimental models: obesity complications, and comorbidities. For this purpose, several authors use diets rich in fatty acids [14,15,16,17,18]. When there is a preponderance of saturated fatty acids, both abnormalities are more constant, by raising total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, which
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