Abstract
Objectives This cross-sectional study investigated the influence of clinically diagnosed neuropathy (cdNP) on respiratory muscle strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods 110 T2DM patients and 35 nondiabetic healthy controls (≥60 years) were allocated to one of three groups depending on the presence of cdNP: T2DM without cdNP (D−; n = 28), T2DM with cdNP (D+; n = 82), and controls without cdNP (C; n = 35). Clinical neurological diagnostic examination consisted of Vibration Perception Threshold and Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score. Respiratory muscle strength was registered by maximal Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressures (PImax and PEmax), and respiratory function by Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF). Isometric Handgrip Strength and Short Physical Performance Battery were used to evaluate peripheral skeletal muscle strength and physical performance. Univariate analysis of covariance was used with age, level of physical activity, and body mass index as covariates. Results PImax, PEmax, and PEF were higher in C compared to D− and D+. Exploring more in detail, PImax, PEmax, and PEF were significantly lower in D+ compared to C. PEmax and PEF were also significantly lower in D− versus C. Measures of peripheral muscle strength and physical performance showed less associations with cdNP and T2DM. Conclusions The presence of cdNP affects respiratory muscle strength in T2DM patients compared to healthy controls. Both cdNP and diabetes in themselves showed a distinctive impact on respiratory muscle strength and function; however, an accumulating effect could not be ascertained in this study. As commonly used measures of peripheral muscle strength and physical performance seemed to be less affected at the given time, the integration of PImax, PEmax, and PEF measurements in the assessment of respiratory muscle weakness could be of added value in the (early) screening for neuropathy in patients with T2DM.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common cause of motor and autonomic neuropathy [1, 2]
Both clinically diagnosed neuropathy (cdNP) and diabetes in themselves showed a distinctive impact on respiratory muscle strength and function; an accumulating effect could not be ascertained in this study
As commonly used measures of peripheral muscle strength and physical performance seemed to be less affected at the given time, the integration of PImax, PEmax, and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) measurements in the assessment of respiratory muscle weakness could be of added value in the screening for neuropathy in patients with T2DM
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common cause of (sensori) motor and autonomic neuropathy [1, 2]. 10–15% of all people aged >40 suffers from NP in which diabetes remains the most common cause. Diabetes and a set of other distinctive factors causing NP has to be classified as idiopathic in 20–30% of all patients suffering from NP even after thorough investigation. This idiopathic NP is considered as a major culprit of a Journal of Diabetes Research person’s disability with important social impact due to pain, gait instability, increased risk of falls, injuries, and poor quality of life [10,11,12]
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