The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity

The main objective of this research is to detect the forest fire by sensing temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels to prevent the forest fire and to provide exact information using IOT at faster speed. The efficiency of detection using Node Microcontroller Unit (NodeMCU) is compared with Arduino microcontroller. A total of 40 samples are taken from the Serial monitor of the Arduino IDE. Group 1 has temperature values (n = 10) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (n = 10) with the Node Microcontroller Unit (Node MCU). Group 2 has temperature values (n = 10) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (n = 10) using Arduino Microcontroller. In this novel forest fire detection, the G-power analysis was done to the samples and the minimum power is acquired to be 0.8 for the system with an error correction of 0.5. The significance values for the temperature sensor are 0.129 and 0.132 for NodeMCU and Arduino Microcontroller respectively. The significance values for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are 0.212 and 0.224 for NodeMCU and Arduino Microcontroller respectively. Results: Through the implementation of this novel forest fire detection, it is observed that the efficiency of NodeMCU is 92.9 % and efficiency of Arduino microcontroller is 89.95 %. This innovative approach with NodeMCU appears to be more efficient (92.9 %) in detecting the occurrence of forest fire using Arduino Microcontroller with the significance value of temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide level of 0.129 and 0.212 respectively.

Grass attack

Sir, The alarming rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels presents not only an environmental crisis but also a severe public health emergency globally. Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have spiked by 50% since 1980: from about 280 ppm at the start of the Industrial Age, to 370 ppm in 2000, 415 ppm in 2022, and currently stand at approximately 429.6 ppm in 2025[1,2] [Figure 1]. These surging levels of CO2 are driving us closer toward climate tipping points, endangering ecosystems, economies, and threatening public health.[3]Figure 1: Global atmospheric carbon dioxide compared to annual emissions (1751–2022). Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (blue line) have steadily climbed in tandem with human-caused emissions (gray line). Emissions increased gradually, reaching around 5 gigatons per year by the mid-20th century, before surging dramatically to over 35 billion tons annually by the century’s end[ 1 ]Human activities such as deforestation, land-use, and burning of fossil fuels have immensely contributed to the surge.[4] Carbon emissions from fossil fuel use have increased from 3 billion tons per year in 1960 to 36.8 billion tons in 2023,[5] an alarming twelve-fold increase. With household activities accounting for two-thirds of global emissions, there has never been a more pressing need for systemic and individual changes.[6] INDIA’S WARMING CRISIS The deleterious effects of this surge are already evident in India. Between 1901 and 2018, India’s average temperature rose by approximately 0.7°C.[7] Under the current high-emission scenarios, we could face a temperature rise of about 4.4°C by the end of the 21st century.[8] This far exceeds the Paris Agreement’s targets of keeping global warming well below 2°C and ideally within 1.5°C.[9] URGENCY FOR GLOBAL COOPERATION Target 2030: The window is closing! We have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 gigatons annually to maintain global temperatures below 1.5°C. Even if we do not reach the target by 2030, we should have at least laid the foundation for a carbon-neutral future, universal energy access, and clean air.[10] INDIA’S RESPONSE AND COMMITMENTS India has initiated multiple strategies to address climate change, notably: The Energy Conservation Act of 2001, which provides a framework for regulating energy consumption and promoting energy efficiency and conservation. India saved around 28 million tons of oil equivalent energy in 2019–2020 due to such efforts[11] At the COP-26 Summit, India committed to Reducing carbon emissions by 1 billion tons Cutting carbon intensity by 45% by 2030, over 2005 levels Reaching 500 GW of nonfossil energy capacity by 2030 and fulfilling 50% of its energy needs with renewable sources. According to COP-28, between 2017 and 2023, India added approximately 100 GW of installed electric capacity, with around 80% coming from nonfossil fuel resources[12] Furthermore, the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill of 2022 is expected to accelerate decarbonization through carbon credit trading and mandated use of nonfossil fuels.[13] INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEMIC SOLUTIONS: A BALANCED APPROACH India is working toward its goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070, but the pace needs to be increased.[14] Multilateral and collaborative action at all levels is the need of the hour to bring us one step closer to our goal. Governments must shift from planning to rapid implementation. Awareness campaigns, such as the SAMEER app[15] for air quality monitoring, hold promise, but public participation must increase. Individual efforts could go a long way in contributing to reduced CO2 emissions. The LiFE 21-Day Challenge encourages Indians to become Pro-Planet people by taking one simple environmental action per day for 21 days.[16] FROM BALANCE TO BREAKTHROUGH: LET’S STRENGTHEN OUR CLIMATE RESPONSE India has adopted a balanced and pragmatic approach to climate action, recognizing the intertwined challenges of development and sustainability. However, in the face of escalating climate threats, we must acknowledge that balanced action alone is no longer enough. Inaction will have far-reaching consequences, affecting food security, public health, and livelihoods. Through global cooperation, systemic choices, and individual lifestyle choices, we can still steer the world away from the brink of climate disaster. The time to act is now, while the window is still open before it is too late. India must now lead the way – not just by balancing targets, but by boldly advancing them. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Climate change is a wider term and encompasses every aspect of biotic and abiotic life. Climate plays a very basic and significant role in the biology of living things. As a result the key factor amongst many to determine life in specific region thousands of years ago is the fact that various climate cycles existed at that place at that times. The recent decades have witnessed drastic changes in climate because of rise in atmospheric carbondioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) levels leading to increase in temperature, melting of glaciers and rise in sea level. The ultimate trends that CO2 and climate will constitute in the future are unknown. However, the researchers have been raising questions about carbon sequestration, food security, and crop productivity in the field of agriculture and extinction of species in the field of biodiversity. The term carbon sequestration implies the ways and means through which atmospheric carbon is transferred into the long lived pools and storing it safely in a way that it may not be re-emitted into the atmosphere. Anthropogenic activities, over a period of time have raised serious concerns to sequester carbon and lower down its concentration in the atmosphere, hence leading to drastic climate changes. Since it is not possible to cover all aspects of climate change, in this review we have emphasized on green house and non-green house aspects of climate change and their potential of global warming, implications on carbon sequestration sustainability and agriculture.

Historical and future quantification of terrestrial carbon sequestration from a Greenhouse-Gas-Value perspective

In-home assessment of the older adult—An interdisciplinary approach: Charles A. Emlett, Jeffrey L. Crabtree, Victoria Ann Condon, and Linda A. Treml 1998, Aspen Publishers, Inc., Gaitherrsburg, MD 289 pages, soft-bound, $49

Modeling forest ecosystem responses to elevated carbon dioxide and ozone using artificial neural networks

Maize is an important C4 crop and how it will respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone levels is not well documented. To understand how the growth and nutritional quality of maize will be affected under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) interaction, a field experiment was conducted under free air O3 and CO2 enrichment rings (FAOCE) growing HQPM-1 and PMH-1 maize cultivars at New Delhi, India. Each cultivar was exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 (559 ppm) alone and along with ambient and elevated O3 (71.8 ppb) throughout the growing period. Elevated CO2 (EC) significantly increased the leaf area index (10.8–22.5%), chlorophyll (11.2–17.3%) and photosynthetic rate (12.1–16.5%) in the two cultivars over the ambient. O3 exposure of 27 ppm hr (AOT4O) under elevated O3 (EO) treatment led to a significant decline in yield (p < 0.01) by 9.2% in HQPM-1 and 9.8% in PMH-1. Under elevated CO2 the increase in grain yield was higher under HQPM-1 (25.4%) as compared to PMH-1 (9.04%). The protein content increased under EO (8.1–12.5%) and decreased under EC (13.4–13.6%) in the two maize cultivars due to yield dilution effect. Lysine, phosphorus and potassium content of the grain significantly decreased in both the cultivars under elevated CO2. Carbohydrate and amylose concentrations in grains increased (9.9–15.5%) under EC and decreased (10.8–16.7%) under EO, however, no significant change in yield, protein, amylase, carbohydrate, lysine, potassium and phosphorus was observed under the interaction treatment ECO as compared to the ambient. After two years of study we could conclude that elevated CO2 (559 ppm) was able to offset the negative effect of elevated O3 (71 ppb) on grain yield by 11.2% in PMH-1 and by 18.8% in HQPM-1 without significantly affecting the grain quality in both the maize cultivars.

Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Data laboriously extracted from an Antarctic ice core provide an unprecedented view of temperature, and levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane, over the past 800,000 years of Earth's history. The air bubbles trapped in the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores provide composite records of levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane covering the past 650,000 years. Now the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations has been extended by two more complete glacial cycles to 800,000 years ago. The new data are from the lowest 200 metres of the Dome C core. This ice core went down to just a few metres above bedrock at a depth of 3,260 metres. Two papers report analyses of this deep ice, including the lowest carbon dioxide concentration so far measured in an ice core. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout the eight glacial cycles, but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 years before present. The cover shows a strip of ice core from an Antarctic ice core from Berkner Island, this slice from a depth of 120 metres. Photo by Chris Gilbert, British Antarctic Survey. Elsewhere in this issue, we move from climates past to future plans for climate prediction.

Effects of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Perinatal Health.

Anthropogenic activities are altering levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3). These changes can alter phytochemistry, and in turn, influence ecosystem processes. We assessed the individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on the phytochemical composition of two tree species common to early successional, northern temperate forests. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) were grown at the Aspen FACE (Free-Air Carbon dioxide and ozone Enrichment) facility under four combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and O3. We measured, over three years (2006-08), the effects of CO2 and O3 on a suite of foliar traits known to influence forest functioning. Elevated CO2 had minimal effect on foliar nitrogen and carbohydrate levels in either tree species, and increased synthesis of condensed tannins and fiber in aspen, but not birch. Elevated O3 decreased nitrogen levels in both tree species and increased production of sugar, condensed tannins, fiber, and lignin in aspen, but not birch. The magnitude of responses to elevated CO2 and O3 varied seasonally for both tree species. When co-occurring, CO2 offset most of the changes in foliar chemistry expressed under elevated O3 alone. Our results suggest that levels of CO2 and O3 predicted for the mid-twenty-first century will alter the foliar chemistry of northern temperate forests with likely consequences for forest community and ecosystem dynamics.

Tree restoration is seen as a nature-based solution to climate change, because trees remove carbon from the atmosphere. However, tree cover can influence surface temperatures in other ways, for example by changing albedo and enhancing evapotranspiration. These impacts may, in turn, be affected by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here, we present simulations with a coupled atmosphere-land-slab-ocean model to investigate how doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect warming in a high-end scenario where afforestation covers a land area 35% larger than the USA. Changes in albedo, changes in evapotranspiration, and forest biogenic volatile organic compound emissions combined result in reduced warming by 0.06+/-0.04 K in the afforestation scenario with doubled carbon dioxide scenario, compared with afforestation in a baseline scenario with present-day carbon dioxide levels. This reduced warming is largely due to less snow in the Northern Hemisphere and thus less surface darkening. Similarly, tree carbon sequestration enhances cooling by 0.20 K in the afforestation/doubled carbon dioxide scenario, compared to an afforestation/present-day carbon dioxide scenario . We conclude that in a world with doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, the climate mitigation potential of tree restoration is only minimally affected.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide may alter plant/herbivore interactions. The projected rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide is expected to increase plant productivity, but little evidence is available regarding effects on insect feeding or growth. Leaves of soybean plants grown under three carbon dioxide regimes (350, 500, and 650 µl/liter)were fed to soybean looper larvae. Larvae fed at increasingly higher rates on plants from elevated carbon dioxide atmospheres: 80% greater rates on leaves from the 650 µl/liter treatment than on leaves from the 350 µl/liter treatment. Variation in larval feeding was related to the leaf content of nitrogen and water and to the leaf-specific weight. each of which was altered by the carbon dioxide growth regime of the soybean plants. This study suggests that the impact of herbivores may increase as the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises.